Developing uniformly formatted, densified feedstock from lignocellulosic biomass is of interest to achieve consistent physical properties such as size and shape, bulk and unit density, and ...durability, which significantly influence storage, transportation and handling characteristics, and, by extension, feedstock cost and quality. A variety of densification systems are considered for producing a uniform format feedstock commodity for bioenergy applications, including (i) pellet mill, (ii) cuber, (iii) screw extruder, (iv) briquette press, (v) roller press, (vi) tablet press, and (vii) agglomerator. Each of these systems has varying impacts on feedstock chemical and physical properties, and energy consumption. This review discusses the suitability of these densification systems for biomass feedstocks and the impact these systems have on specific energy consumption and end‐product quality. For example, a briquette press is more flexible in terms of feedstock variables where higher moisture content and larger particles are acceptable for making good quality briquettes; or among different densification systems, a screw press consumes the most energy because it not only compresses but also shears and mixes the material. Pre‐treatment options like pre‐heating, grinding, steam explosion, torrefaction, and ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) can also help to reduce specific energy consumption during densification and improve binding characteristics. Binding behavior can also be improved by adding natural binders, such as proteins, or commercial binders, such as lignosulfonates. The quality of the densified biomass for both domestic and international markets is evaluated using PFI (United States standard) or CEN (European standard). Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Re‐use of this article is permitted in accordance with the Terms and Conditions set out at http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/onlineopen#OnlineOpen_Terms
La investigación se inició con un diagnóstico de fincas pertenecientes a la agricultura urbana y suburbana infestadas por Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wigth et Arm. Se determinaron en cuatro sistemas ...de uso (dos sistemas infestados por D. cinerea y dos sistemas agrícolas en explotación por 10 años luego de la deforestación del marabú y puesto en cultivo) en la zona de Becerra, finca Los Téllez del municipio Las Tunas. El objetivo fundamental fue valorar indicadores de calidad de los suelos Fersialíticos pardos rojizos sobre granitoides, que reflejen el grado de estabilidad de los suelos bajo el marabú y los cambios ocurridos por las prácticas de uso y manejo. Para evaluar el efecto de los sistemas de manejo sobre los indicadores de calidad de suelo se midieron indicadores químicos, (pH, P, Materia orgánica), físicos, (densidad aparente, contenido en arena, porosidad total) y biológicos, (densidad y biomasa de lombrices). Los resultados mostraron que los sistemas de D. cinerea resultaron los de mayor índice de calidad de los suelos tomando como indicadores materia orgánica, densidad aparente y biomasa de lombrices. Los sistemas cultivados alcanzaron la menor acumulación de carbono orgánico, densidad y biomasa de oligoquetos y porosidad total.
Plant biomass is attracting increasing attention as a sustainable resource for large-scale production of renewable fuels and chemicals. However, in order to successfully compete with petroleum, it is ...vital that biomass conversion processes are designed to minimize costs and maximize yields. Advances in pretreatment technology are critical in order to develop high-yielding, cost-competitive routes to renewable fuels and chemicals.Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and Chemicalspresents a comprehensive overview of the currently available aqueous pretreatment technologies for cellulosic biomass, highlighting the fundamental chemistry and biology of each method, key attributes and limitations, and opportunities for future advances.Topics covered include:The importance of biomass conversion to fuels The role of pretreatment in biological and chemical conversion of biomass Composition and structure of biomass, and recalcitrance to conversion Fundamentals of biomass pretreatment at low, neutral and high pH Ionic liquid and organosolv pretreatments to fractionate biomass Comparative data for application of leading pretreatments and effect of enzyme formulations Physical and chemical features of pretreated biomass Economics of pretreatment for biological processing Methods of analysis and enzymatic conversion of biomass streams Experimental pretreatment systems from multiwell plates to pilot plant operationsThis comprehensive reference book provides an authoritative source of information on the pretreatment of cellulosic biomass to aid those experienced in the field to access the most current information on the topic. It will also be invaluable to those entering the growing field of biomass conversion.
Biomass is the most widely used non-fossil fuel in the world. Biomass resources show a considerable potential in the long-term given the increasing proliferation of dedicated energy crops for ...biofuels. The second edition of Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis is enhanced with new topics, such as torrefaction and cofiring, making it a versatile resource that not only explains the basic principles of energy conversion systems, but also provides valuable insight into the design of biomass conversion systems. This book will allow professionals, such as engineers, scientists, and operating personnel of biomass gasification, pyrolysis or torrefaction plants, to gain a better comprehension of the basics of biomass conversion. The author provides many worked out design problems, step-by-step design procedures and real data on commercially operating systems. With a dedicated focus on the design, analysis, and operational aspects of biomass gasification, pyrolysis, and torrefaction, Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis and Torrefaction, Second Edition offers comprehensive coverage of biomass in its gas, liquid, and solid states in a single easy-to-access source. * Contains new and updated step-by-step process flow diagrams, design data and conversion charts, and numerical examples with solutions * Includes chapters dedicated to evolving torrefaction technologies, practicing option of biomass cofiring, and biomass conversion economics * Expanded coverage of syngas and other Fischer-Tropsch alternatives * Spotlights advanced processes such as supercritical water gasification and torrefaction of biomass. * Provides available research results in an easy-to-use design methodology
Aimed at providing an interface useful to business and scientific managers, this book focuses on the key challenges that still impede the realization of the billion-ton renewable fuels vision. It ...places great emphasis on a global view of the topic, reviewing deployment and green energy technology in different countries across Africa, Asia, South America, the EU, and the USA. It also integrates scientific, technological, and business development perspectives to highlight the key developments that are necessary for the global replacement of fossil fuels with green energy solutions. This book examines the most recent developments in biofuel manufacturing technologies in light of business, financial, value chain, and supply chain concerns. It also covers the use of other renewable energy sources like solar energy for transportation and proposes a view of the challenges over the next two to five decades, and how these will deeply modify the industrial world in the third millennium. The coming of age of electric vehicles is also looked at, as is the impact of their deployment on the biomass to biofuels value chain.
The grafting technique in tomato production has become popular in many countries in recent years as an alternative to control soil diseases and nematodes, as well as inducing tolerance to stress due ...to abiotic factors. An experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions, where the effect of the use of grafted plants in tomato fSolanum lycopersicum L.), was evaluated by measuring biomass, fruit yield and content of N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The commercial hybrid Multifort fSolanum lycopersicum × S. habrochaites) was used as root-stock and as scion El Cid, a saladette type fruit hybrid was used. Grafted and ungrafted plants were established, directed to one and two stems. They were arranged using an experimental design of randomized complete blocks. Results indicate an increase in biomass in grafted plants, up to 36% in grafted plants directed to two stems. A larger accumulation of N, K and Ca was detected in grafted plants; in plants with two stems the significant increase was 46, 59.4 and 65.5% of N, K, Ca, respectively, compared with plants that were not grafted at two stems. Fruit yield was significantly improved in grafted plants directed to one and two stems, up to 0.93 and O.79kg/plant, which represented increases of 12.9 and 6.6%, respectively. It is concluded that tomato grafted with Multifort/El Cid modifies its mineral composition and improves yield and biomass accumulation.
A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers Saidur, R.; Abdelaziz, E.A.; Demirbas, A. ...
Renewable & sustainable energy reviews,
06/2011, Letnik:
15, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Currently, fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas represent the prime energy sources in the world. However, it is anticipated that these sources of energy will deplete within the next 40–50
...years. Moreover, the expected environmental damages such as the global warming, acid rain and urban smog due to the production of emissions from these sources have tempted the world to try to reduce carbon emissions by 80% and shift towards utilizing a variety of renewable energy resources (RES) which are less environmentally harmful such as solar, wind, biomass etc. in a sustainable way. Biomass is one of the earliest sources of energy with very specific properties. In this review, several aspects which are associated with burning biomass in boilers have been investigated such as composition of biomass, estimating the higher heating value of biomass, comparison between biomass and other fuels, combustion of biomass, co-firing of biomass and coal, impacts of biomass, economic and social analysis of biomass, transportation of biomass, densification of biomass, problems of biomass and future of biomass. It has been found that utilizing biomass in boilers offers many economical, social and environmental benefits such as financial net saving, conservation of fossil fuel resources, job opportunities creation and CO
2 and NO
x
emissions reduction. However, care should be taken to other environmental impacts of biomass such as land and water resources, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity and deforestation. Fouling, marketing, low heating value, storage and collections and handling are all associated problems when burning biomass in boilers. The future of biomass in boilers depends upon the development of the markets for fossil fuels and on policy decisions regarding the biomass market.
Langergraber G. 2001 Development of a Simulation Tool for Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands. Tietz A., Langergraber G., Sleytr K., Kirschner A., Haberl R. 2007 Characterization of microbial ...biocoenosis in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands.
PDF
