Reproducing Gender Susan Gal, Gail Kligman / Susan Gal, Gail Kligman
2021, 2000, 2021-04-13
eBook
The striking fact that abortion was among the first issues raised, after 1989, by almost all of the newly formed governments of East Central Europe points to the significance of gender and ...reproduction in the postsocialist transformations. The fourteen studies in this volume result from a comparative, collaborative research project on the complex relationship between ideas and practices of gender, and political economic change. The book presents detailed evidence about women's and men's new circumstances in eight of the former communist countries, exploring the intersection of politics and the life cycle, the differential effects of economic restructuring, and women's public and political participation. Individual contributions on the former German Democratic Republic, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria provide rich empirical data and interpretive insights on postsocialist transformation analyzed from a gendered perspective. Drawing on multiple methods and disciplines, these original papers advance scholarship in several fields, including anthropology, sociology, women's studies, law, comparative political science, and regional studies. The analyses make clear that practices of gender, and ideas about the differences between men and women, have been crucial in shaping the broad social changes that have followed the collapse of communism. In addition to the editors, the contributors are Eleonora Zieliãska, Eva Maleck-Lewy, Myra Marx Ferree, Sharon Wolchik, Irene Dölling, Daphne Hahn, Sylka Scholz, Mira Marody, Anna Giza-Poleszczuk, Katalin Kovács, Mónika Váradi, Julia Szalai, Adriana Baban, MaÏgorzata Fuszara, Laura Grunberg, Zorica Mrseviâ, Krassimira Daskalova, Joanna Goven, and Jasmina Lukiâ.
...benefit is a possible outcome, whereas risk is a probability. Since one should compare like with like, the appropriate comparator for benefit is not risk but harm. Withholding treatment of a ...hypertensive crisis carries risks: acute end organ damage, causing aortic dissection, heart failure, papilloedema, stroke, renal failure, death.
Abstract
Introduction
Hormonal changes may trigger sleep disturbances in women. Insomnia affects one in every three-to-four of them, most likely during pre to post menopause, and especially in ...association with hot flashes. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of hot flashes among women with and without insomnia and on different reproductive stages.
Methods
Sampling procedure was a three-stage clustering of the population of Sao Paulo, Brazil according to gender, age (20-80 years), and socio-economic status. A total of 574 women were interviewed, underwent polysomnographic recording (PSG), and had fasting-blood samples collected. Hormone levels and a gynecological questionnaire were used to classify reproductive stages. Premenopausal women were classified either in the follicular, luteal, or periovulatory stage or as anovulatory or under hormonal contraceptives; whereas those menopausal were classified in perimenopause or in early or late stages. Individuals reporting frequent and persistent insomnia symptoms accompanied by relevant daytime impairment were classified with insomnia syndrome. Objective insomnia was defined by increased sleep onset latency and/or awake after sleep onset, decreasing sleep duration.
Results
The final sample included 550 women, representing 53% of the EPISONO cohort (n=1,042). Hot flashes were reported by 9% of the premenopausal women (n=339) and by 42% of the menopausal. Complaints were more frequent among women in perimenopause (67%) and those in use of hormonal therapy (60%), and it tended to decrease in later stages (33%); whereas before menopause, hot flashes were especially reported by anovulatory women (26%), while significantly less by those using contraceptives (6%). Hot flashes were associated with a 2-fold increase in insomnia symptoms and while it predicted objective sleep alterations among premenopausal women, they did not after menopause, when alterations in sleep were better explained by an effect of aging.
Conclusion
Our current findings suggest that hot flashes are associated with irregular menstrual cycles among premenopausal women, and particularly with early stages of menopause, predicting both subjective and objective sleep alterations.
Support
This research was supported by fellowships from Associação Fundo de Incentivo à Pesquisa (AFIP) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.
Abstract
Introduction
The effects of hormonal contraceptives on sleep has been matter of debate in current literature. While some articles observed a sleep promoting effect and reduced sleep ...disordered breathing, others have failed to detect any result or even detected a worse sleep pattern in women using hormonal contraception. As the literature has been growing on this field, a systematic review is necessary to gather and compare all the studies in a comprehensive way.
Methods
A bibliographic search was conducted in Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science. Studies were selected first based on titles and abstracts, followed by full text analysis and data extraction. Only original studies evaluating women using hormonal contraception were considered eligible. Both objective and subjective sleep-related outcomes were extracted for analyzes. Individual effect size for each articles was calculated using regular or standardized mean differences and meta-analyses were conducted using a DerSimonian and Laird random effects model.
Results
After the bibliographic search, 1787 non-duplicated articles were included in our initial data screening. Articles sample was reduced to 114 records after abstract screening and to ten studies after full text analyses. The following sleep outcomes were eligible for meta-analysis: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI - 3 studies), total time in bed (4), subjective total sleep time (4), objective total sleep time (3), sleep latency (6), sleep efficiency (6). None of them resulted in statistically significant effects of contraceptive use and the effect size ± 95% interval of confidence overlapped the zero value.
Conclusion
Hormonal contraceptives is not associated to any alteration in sleep patterns in women. This conclusion should be restricted to a general framework, since our sample does not allowed stratified analyses. Future studies should consider the effect of specific hormonal composition (ex.: combined vs. progestogen-only contraceptives) and administration route (contraceptive pills vs. levonorgestrel intrauterine device).
Support
AFIP, CAPES, CNPq
The pharmacist should explain that TS should finish her pill cycle and apply the patch on the day the next pill cycle would normally start (ie, in 11 days).1 If her period does not start within a ...week after taking the last active pill, she should contact her ob-gyn for further instructions. TS was instructed to apply the patch once weekly to her upper torso for 3 weeks; the fourth week is patch free. Because TS cannot verify when the patch fell off, she may not be fully protected from pregnancy. MMWR Reconn Rep. 2016;65(4):1-66. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6504a About the Author Stefanie C. Nigro, PharmD, BCACP, CECES, is an associate clinical professor in the Department of Pharmacy Practice at the University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy in Storrs.
Cadre de la recherche : Femmes d’Aujourd’hui, premier magazine féminin francophone belge, s’adresse majoritairement à un lectorat féminin et transmet un discours sur la contraception, tout en ...contribuant à sa construction. Objectifs : Nous analysons ce discours dans une perspective chronologique longue (1960-2010) au regard des transformations sociétales et législatives en Belgique. Comment la régulation des naissances est-elle présentée ? À qui incombe cette responsabilité ? Comment se transmet-elle ? Méthodologie : À partir d’une analyse qualitative basée sur un dépouillement systématique de la revue, nous rendons compte de l’évolution du discours sur la contraception. Résultats : Dimension fondamentale du travail procréatif, la contraception est initialement défendue comme une responsabilité partagée au sein du couple, conformément à l’orientation chrétienne de la revue et de ses journalistes. Par la suite, la régulation des naissances devient progressivement une tâche exclusivement féminine, les différents contraceptifs portés sur les corps des femmes étant alors classés selon des critères d’efficacité mis en avant par le corps médical. Au tournant des années 2000, l’information sur les moyens de contraception se diversifie et laisse place aux critiques dans le courrier des lectrices. Conclusions : Visibilisant les différentes méthodes dans un objectif qui se veut informatif avant tout, Femmes d’Aujourd’hui fait pourtant la promotion d’une norme contraceptive et procréative. Grâce aux méthodes contraceptives, la maternité peut être accomplie en respect de normes sociales, prescrivant notamment une certaine trame temporelle, où le type de contraceptif change en fonction du projet d’enfant. Enfin, bien qu’elle laisse place au débat via les lectrices ou les journalistes, la presse féminine contribue paradoxalement à l’assignation genrée du contrôle des naissances. Contribution : Le discours sur la contraception dans Femmes d’Aujourd’hui contribue à diffuser une injonction à la maternité. Nous identifions dans notre recherche des normes procréatives contribuant à cela. Celles-ci évoluent en deux phases liées au contexte sociétal et législatif. Je tiens à remercier Aurore François pour ses commentaires et son encadrement, ainsi que les peer-reviewers le comité de rédaction pour leur travail de relecture et leurs conseils.
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