Braille character recognition(BCR) is a basic step in building and designing any Braille assistive technology. Each Braille character is represented by a 2 × 3 matrix of raised dots (called a cell), ...which can be read by touch. This study introduces a generalized recognition approach based on an ensemble of transfer learning models for BCR. The study experiments are performed on two benchmark English Braille datasets (handwritten Braille – Omniglot (HBO), and Braille character (BC)), and a new dataset of Arabic Braille characters collected by our group called Arabic Braille (AB). First, we investigate the performance of 17- transfer learning models on the three datasets. Then, we build three ensemble approaches based on majority voting from the most effective two, three, and four models in each dataset. The experimental results reveal that the ensemble of DarkNet-53, GoogleNet, SqueezeNet, and DenseNet-201 is a more generalizable ensemble approach for BCR. It achieves a higher F1 score and lesser generalization error (Etest) value than each individual transfer learning model. The F1 scores of the introduced ensemble reached 89.42%, 99.58%, and 97.11% on the HBO, BC, and AB datasets, respectively, with Etest values of 10.47%, 0.43%, and 3.23%. While the F1 scores of the DarkNet-53 which is the most effective single model on the three datasets are 87.54%, 99.14%, and 94.73, with Etest values of 12.79%, 0.85%, and 5.31%, respectively.
Though the Traditional method of teaching Braille script for the blind is simple, yet it has some potential drawbacks. Handling the marbles and the slate for a first-time does make learning very ...difficult. In most cases, the teacher will also be blind, so for each representation, the teacher must reach each student’s slate and change the arrangement of the marbles. This is a harder and time taking job. This project focuses on the design and development of an embedded system based electronic assistive device which eases the problem of teaching visually challenged beginner. This Project is implemented using an ordinary Braille slate with IR sensors and Raspberry Pi 2 Model B board which is cost-effective and simple. The Software is implemented in Simulink of MATLAB R2020. The placing of the marbles in the slate is sensed by the IR Proximity sensor. If the combination of the marbles placed is correct, then the Raspberry Pi’s Text to speak converter produces the audio sound output of the corresponding letter. This method provides an easy way of teaching Braille Script with less effort for the teacher.
In braille publications, such as braille books and textbooks, tactile graphics, and diagrams incorporate both convex and concave points and lines on gridlines. However, scholarly knowledge concerning ...the tactile readability of concave stimuli in braille materials is limited, and quantitative guidelines are needed to facilitate the identification of easily distinguishable concave stimuli. This study focused on the applied pressure and touch positions while exploring concave lines and conducting discrimination experiments. The results revealed that when exploring with light pressure or tracing along the convex lines, identification times were longer and confidence levels were lower. These findings suggest the importance of considering pressure and touch positions in tactile instruction, with implications for improving the design and readability of tactile materials for individuals with visual impairments.
Public service is something that can be accessed by the community, including for people with disabilities. Changes in the public needs of the community including people with disabilities are growing ...so that it requires an innovation that can equalize it. Public service innovation is a method for increasing change in order to encourage improvement in the quality of public services. Therefore, the City Government of Malang seeks to improve health services specifically for people with visual disabilities by forming innovations in the form of Braille. Braille innovations were made by the government in order to create equitable public services in the community. The government's goal to make this innovation is in order to create equitable public services in the community. In addition, this innovation is a form of commitment of Malang City to inclusive services and a form of commitment to alignments specifically for people with visual impairments. This study aims to determine the ability of Braille innovation in improving health services for people with visual impairments. The method used in this research is the study of literature. As in the application of innovation, there are driving and inhibiting factors. The driving factor is in the form of support from the Mayor of Malang through Malang City Regulation No. 2 of 2014 and officers receive training. Whereas the inhibiting factor of this innovation is only when building a guiding block that requires quite a lot of costs. However, the innovations provided are able to improve the quality of health services to the community. Even now, Puskesmas Janti Malang has become the first referral health service pilot site for people with visual impairments to receive treatment.
We propose a simple and novel circular diaphragm-micro-stylus based single fiber Bragg grating (FBG) tactile sensor for reading Standard English Grade-1 Braille cells. The surface protrusions on the ...cells are transduced into strain variations on the FBG sensor, bonded along the line of symmetry of the diaphragm, by a free, vertically moving Micro-Stylus (MS). The tension mode of the diaphragm and the mass of the micro-styli are varied to optimize the sensing properties of the system. The maximum sensitivity of 1.786nm/mm is exhibited by the sensor system with the highest mass of the MS (MS-1; 167mg) in the highest tension mode (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">770~\mu \varepsilon </tex-math></inline-formula>). The repeatability error and resolution of the sensor in the aforementioned configurations are found to be 0.028nm and 559nm respectively. The proposed sensor system displayed good linearity, repeatability, high resolution, and easily adjustable sensitivity in the present scenario.
Charles Barbier: A hidden story Campsie, Philippa
Disability studies quarterly,
06/2021, Letnik:
41, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Charles Barbier (1767–1841), who invented raised-point writing and the tools for creating it, is remembered today only as a precursor of Louis Braille. Stories of his life and work are mainly ...variations on two accounts, one by Alexandre-René Pignier published in 1859 and one by Pierre Henri in 1952. The former misrepresented the relationship between Braille and Barbier and the latter hypothesized how Barbier might have developed his ideas and introduced them to Institution Royale des Jeunes Aveugles in Paris. These two accounts have distorted modern ideas about the invention of point writing and the role played by Braille. The author's study of Barbier's correspondence and publications shows that (1) the method that inspired Louis Braille was never intended for the military but was specifically designed for blind people; (2) Barbier did not demonstrate it at the Institution Royale des Jeunes Aveugles; (3) it was not used at the school in a phonetic version; and (4) Barbier and Braille met only after Braille had published his own system. These findings, drawn from primary documents, make it possible to draw a more accurate picture of the original inventor of the method and tools of point writing for people with visual impairments and thereby a more accurate picture of Braille's own achievements.
The spectacular concept of integrating OCR with the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), presented in this study, intends to increase the autonomy and social inclusion of ...people with visual impairments and deaf-blindness. This application converts text from photographs into real-time Braille representations by utilizing the capabilities of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology, Braille displays, and IoT. Braille is a tactile form of writing which assists the visually impaired by representing letters and numbers with raised dots. Text recognition and conversion through OCR helps people with vision issues by converting printed text into accessible formats like audio or Braille, assisting people in with recognizing things around them. Individuals with visual impairments are given autonomous access to critical information by smoothly integrating modern technologies, boosting their self-confidence and promoting active social involvement. This OCR-Braille approach's primary objective is to minimize the knowledge gap and promote social equality. Users' ease of access to labels, educational resources, and digital information about their environment fosters a sense of empowerment and independence. This ground-breaking study not only eliminates the accessibility gap but also provides the groundwork for a society that is better linked and accessible. Individuals have access to the tools they need for independently navigating their surroundings through simple IoT connectivity and WSN. This research lays the path for a future for assistive technology to catalyze equality and independence, independent of one's visual ability, by fusing assistive technology and IoT connectivity.
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