The extensive literature about the George W. Bush administrations Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART) has not emphasized an issue that appears quite clearly in interviews with senior Office of ...Management and Budget (OMB) and congressional staff. Budget analysis can pursue efficiency in two ways. One, the object of traditional analysis, involves assessing programs to understand the ratio of inputs to outputs within an agency, and thus the effects of more or less funding. Another approach, termed "budgeting for results," measures program performance so as to allocate funding among programs in a way that increases total welfare. The second approach is much more difficult because it necessitates comparison of measures of unlike phenomena, requires expertise that often does not exist, and is more easily contested as invoking values rather than facts. Both congressional and OMB sources report concerns that PART weakened budget analysis by diverting resources from traditional analysis. If one goal of reformers is for the OMB to provide analysis that will influence Congress, the focus should be on strengthening the capacity to do traditional budget analysis.
Au même titre que les Comités d’Entreprise (CE) les Comités Sociaux Economiques (CSE) sont dotés de deux budgets distincts. Le premier étant le budget dédié aux Attributions Economiques et ...Professionnelles (AEP), communément appelé budget de fonctionnement. Le second dénommé, Activités Sociales et Culturelles (ASC), permet au CSE de proposer des événements et avantages aux salariés de l’entreprise.
The critical economic policy for many OECD countries, developing countries and transition economies is fiscal consolidation and the maintenance of long-run fiscal balance. Two related components ...underlie this goal: 1. Several countries face the issue of deficit reduction. 2. It is becoming increasingly apparent that major reforms of the welfare system and of social security systems are critical ingredients of a long-lasting fiscal consolidation. It is suggested that budget procedures matter. The 2 critical areas of reform are more transparency and a strengthening of the roles of the executive branch vis a vis the legislature, and of the treasury minister vis a vis the rest of the executive branch, in order to achieve a centralized and top-bottom approach to the budget process. Lack of transparency in the budget process becomes, in the long run, a critical obstacle for achieving budget consolidation and expenditure control.
The ocean's ability to sequester carbon away from the atmosphere exerts an important control on global climate. The biological pump drives carbon storage in the deep ocean and is thought to function ...via gravitational settling of organic particles from surface waters. However, the settling flux alone is often insufficient to balance mesopelagic carbon budgets or to meet the demands of subsurface biota. Here we review additional biological and physical mechanisms that inject suspended and sinking particles to depth. We propose that these 'particle injection pumps' probably sequester as much carbon as the gravitational pump, helping to close the carbon budget and motivating further investigation into their environmental control.
This article aims to make brief analysis of the constitutional duties-budgetary of social contributions under the panorama financing of the fundamental s rights, to the end point judicial policy ...assumed in relation to this matter. The debate to be faced is what interpretation have be given by the judiciary power to the legally destination for contributions when it is stipulated by the text of the law, especially regarding deviation of these funds to perform various and others public purposes besides the one it is provided by the specific law. This present article is a study and evaluation of the appropriateness of the DRU's institute, especially in the current times.
Numerical fiscal rules implemented at the national level in member countries of the European Union offer useful information on possible reasons for the growing reliance on such rules, and on their ...implication for fiscal policy. Our analysis of a survey-based dataset suggests that both the introduction of the EU fiscal framework and country-specific fiscal governance features played a role in triggering introduction of numerical fiscal rules, and that the impact of rules is statistically significant, robust, and quantitatively important. Outcomes and rules may be jointly determined by unobserved political factors, but the evidence suggests that causality runs from rules to fiscal behaviour, and that rules specifically designed to prevent conflicts with the stabilization function of fiscal policy are indeed associated with less pro-cyclical policies.
With the continual drive towards bigger, better, and brighter light sources, whole new areas of scientific research are possible that would have been unimaginable or even were believed impossible ...before. For example, imaging of single bioparticles has been demonstrated at Free Electron Lasers (FELs) 1, and synchrotron beamlines can now be used to study real-time changes in samples on a timescale of milliseconds. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
We investigate the effect of fiscal institutions such as the strength of the finance minister in the budget process and deficits on interest rate spreads of Eurozone countries. Deficits significantly ...increase risk premia measured by relative swap spreads. The effect of deficits is significantly lower under EMU. This effect partly results from neglecting the role of fiscal institutions. After controlling for institutional changes, fiscal policy remains a significant determinant of risk premia in EMU. Better institutions are connected with lower risk premia. Furthermore deficits matter less for risk premia in countries with better institutions. Markets acknowledge that better institutions reduce fiscal difficulties rendering the monitoring of annual developments less important.
Using a sample of the 48 contiguous US states, we consider the problem of forecasting state governments’ revenues and expenditures in real time using models that feature mixed-frequency data. We find ...that mixed-data sampling (MIDAS) regressions that predict low-frequency fiscal outcomes using high-frequency macroeconomic and financial market data outperform traditional fiscal forecasting models in both a relative and an absolute sense. We also consider an application of forecasting fiscal outcomes in the face of the economic uncertainty induced by the coronavirus pandemic. Overall, we show that MIDAS regressions provide a simple tool for predicting fiscal outcomes in real time.
The Laurence and Lynne Brown Democracy Medal recognizes outstanding individuals, groups, and organizations that produce exceptional innovations to further democracy in the United States or around the ...world.
The inaugural medal winner, the Participatory Budgeting Project (PBP), is an innovative not-for-profit organization that promotes "participatory budgeting," an inclusive process that empowers community members to make informed decisions about public spending. More than 46,000 people in communities across the United States have decided how to spend $45 million through programs that PBP helped spark over the last five years. InEveryone Counts, PBP co-founder and executive director Josh Lerner provides a concise history of the organization's origins and its vision, highlighting its real-world successes in fostering grassroots budgeting campaigns in such cities as New York, Boston, and Chicago. As more and more communities turn to participatory budgeting as a means of engaging citizens, prioritizing civic projects, and allocating local, state, and federal funding, this cogent volume will offer guidance and inspiration to others who want to transform democracy in the United States and elsewhere.
"The Participatory Budgeting Project exemplifies the essential features the award committee was looking for in its inaugural recipient. Political and economic inequality is part of the American national discussion, and participatory budgeting helps empower marginalized groups that do not normally take part in a process that is so critical for democratic life."- John Gastil, Director of the McCourtney Institute for Democracy
The Laurence and Lynne Brown Democracy Medal recognizes outstanding individuals, groups, and organizations that produce exceptional innovations to further democracy in the United States or around the world.The inaugural medal winner, the Participatory Budgeting Project (PBP), is an innovative not-for-profit organization that promotes "participatory budgeting," an inclusive process that empowers community members to make informed decisions about public spending. More than 46,000 people in communities across the United States have decided how to spend $45 million through programs that PBP helped spark over the last five years. InEveryone Counts, PBP co-founder and executive director Josh Lerner provides a concise history of the organization's origins and its vision, highlighting its real-world successes in fostering grassroots budgeting campaigns in such cities as New York, Boston, and Chicago. As more and more communities turn to participatory budgeting as a means of engaging citizens, prioritizing civic projects, and allocating local, state, and federal funding, this cogent volume will offer guidance and inspiration to others who want to transform democracy in the United States and elsewhere."The Participatory Budgeting Project exemplifies the essential features the award committee was looking for in its inaugural recipient. Political and economic inequality is part of the American national discussion, and participatory budgeting helps empower marginalized groups that do not normally take part in a process that is so critical for democratic life."- John Gastil, Director of the McCourtney Institute for Democracy
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