Sakamoto was a post-town located along the 700 m-long “Nakasendou” highway, on both sides of which were ribbon-like land divisions. In the “Jibikiezu”, the total number of building-lots is 160. This ...paper concerns about the land division of the post-town Sakamoto, which influenced its townscape since its creation. This study was carried out with a focus on the relationships between land division and the social system of post-towns in the Edo era. At the first stage, we studied the land division, then compared and analyzed the “Jibikiezu” (a map made during the revision of the tax system at the beginning of the Meiji era) and the seven-sheet “Syukuezu” (a map made in the Edo era , which shows the land division of the post-town). We then clarified the post-town social system, by analyzing the “Meisaikakiagetyou”, “Shogoyoudometyo”and others documents related to the Edo post-town system. Lastly we studied the relationships between land division and the post-town social system in the Edo era. In the “Jibikiezu”, the total number of building-lots is 160, and seven types of land area are described. The “Jibikiezu” and “Syukuezu” make it clear that the numbers of divisions and unifications of building-lots ranged from one to six. In the three sheets of the “Syukuezu” that are thought to have been made relatively earlier, there are only five types of building-lots. According to the “Meisaikakiagetyou”, written in 1852, the main widths of building-lots were 7-ken and 3.5-ken (see note), and the width of “Tonnya” building-lots was 14-ken. In the three sheets of “Syukuezu” mentioned previously, the widths of building-lots are 3.5-ken, 7-ken, 14-ken and two other types. All other maps show that the 3.5-ken module was used for the width of building-lots. Three basic types of building-lot are described in the “Jibikiezu” and “Syukuezu”. When we analyzed the “Jibikiezu” and “Syukuezu”, we found that the total number of building-lots was between 160 and 161, and 153 to 155 of these were of the three basic types. The widths 3.5-ken and 7-ken could be considered “nominal widths”. However, the “Jibikiezu” shows that all of the building-lots of each type were of the same width. Next we widened our view from just building-lots to building-lots and fields; the 7-ken module was common for the widths of building-lots and fields. We examined the relationships between the land area of fields and the land area of building-lots, owned by the same person. We concluded that there was a standard that ensured the land area of fields was in proportion to the land area of building-lots. Every post-town along the main highway was assigned a certain function by the Edo Shogunate. Among them, the most important were “Tenmayaku”, which were the duties of the town member. These were divided into two groups: “horse-duties” and “personnel duties”. There was also a system for the post-town officials; “Tonnya” was the highest-ranked official of the post-town. In the late Edo era, the three basic widths of building-lots corresponded to “Tenmayaku” and “Tonnya”. 3.5-ken corresponded to “personnel duties”, 7-ken to “horse-duties”, and 14-ken to “Tonnya”. The width of building-lots was the standards of the possession of fields and the town expenditure for the members of the post-town. This paper shows variable examples between land division and the social system of post-towns in the Edo era. Note: A “ken” was a unit of length in Japan before westernization, equal to approximately about 182 cm.
A large number of subdivisions of building lots has been observed in established city areas. Subdivisions of standard lots into smaller parcels could cause serious problems in citywide disasters, ...such as a devastating earthquake, as well as environmental deterioration. Investigation of the mechanism of such subdivisions is thus imperative for discussing sustainable cities. In the present study, we construct stochastic models that describe the process of dividing building lots and forming smaller parcels. Unknown parameters of the models are estimated using GIS data compiled by a local government in Tokyo, and factors related to the subdivisions are examined. Numerical examples demonstrate that the possibility and probability of lot subdivisions mainly depend on the location and properties of lots.
The Contiguous Building Design System makes possible the applied multiple building lots to be recognized as a single site in the building standard law. Its utilization is anticipated for improvements ...in the densely build-up residential area. In this study, the regulation of Kawasaki City is examined in comparison with that of other municipal governments. In Saiwaicho-Sanchome district, multiple tactics for a typified site and simulations to an existing site are conducted. Through the comparative case studies in multiple levels, characteristics and potentialities of the system are pointed out. Then, further development of the system in such area is examined.
Primary purpose of this study is to identify the process through which the structure of natural environment is integrated into environmental planning for a large scaled suburban housing development. ...An intensive study of the planning process applied to the development of Kizu Chuo Area located in southern part of Kyoto Prefecture was conducted with particular attention to land use, land formation,street layout and surface drainage pattern. The entire process of the planning was divided into five phases, and the second (1995-97) and the fourth (2005-06) phase were recognized as critical ones that demonstrated distinctive changes in development scheme. The second phase showed extensive concerns on conservation of natural environment chiefly for the sake of protecting natural habitats and ecological network. Land formation, drainage pattern and allocation of open spaces are integrated into structure of natural environment. After development program was revised considerably due to changing socio-economic environment, the forth phase showed environmental concerns again. This time, more comprehensive approach toward structuring of natural environment was applied and the network of open space was extended and strengthened by axial structure originated from local topography. It was further discussed that land formation and hydrological system that carefully reorganized based on the original conditions will promote the structure of natural environment as an integral part of ecologically conscious landscape.
Through the development process of collective housing sites in Senri New Town, planted areas in residential lots havebeen established as a component of natural and artificial environment of the area. ...Facing a challenge of restoring old collectivehousings, we intended to clarify characteristics of existing arbores in collective housing sites developed by Japan HousingCorporation. Applying data of tree height, branch spread, and trunk circumference, the characteristics of tree figure and itschanges were investigated by comparison of arboreal vegetation of two selected sites. Not only layout of buildings and open spaces but also maintenance practice of vegetation critically affected figures and growth of the trees. Among the findings, it wasnoted that development process, land formation in particular, of housing lot also affected their growth. In terms of decisionmaking on whether to conserve or transplant existing trees in restoration procedure, significance of those trees on the site shouldbe reorganized through evaluation on trees themselves, context of landscape and development process by revealing archivalrecords. Updating the records is also important to inherit the values of open spaces in collective housing sites as naturalenvironmental structure.
Primary purpose of this study is to show how the natural environment structure was integrated into open spaces of collective housings in Senri new town. A case study was conducted in terms of ...arrangement of medium-rise buildings and pattern of the open space between the building lots.In the process of the earthworks by Osaka Prefecture, the original landform and vegetation were planned to be located between the building lots according to the land formation. Some segments of those structures are preserved in the open spaces enclosed by the collective housings constructed by the Osaka Pref. In the collective housings by Japan Housing Corporation, natural environment seems to have been altered throughout the development of building lots, but the structures were still underlying beneath the open space network. While promoting rehabilitations collective housings, the natural environment should be enhanced and revitalized on the site recognizing its origins and histories.
Growth of the real estate securitization market in Japan has spurred by the adopted slogan “The Fusion of Real Estate and Finance”. The meaning behind this slogan was that real estate should be ...transformed into an investment asset much like stocks and bonds. The administrative sanctions that have been imposed onto J-REITs by the government, however, clearly indicate that there is a gap between the two that cannot be overcome. This gap is caused by the conceptual differences between the investor protection in the financial market and the consumer protection in the real estate market in Japan. The Coso-framework will be useful for overcoming this gap.
Information provided by real estate brokers is important in advancing consumer protection in connection with real estate purchase contracts for resale housing. In this regard, identical legal ...requirements to inspect the property being sold and to explain physical defects existing in such property to the buyer are provided under the Building lots and Buildings Transaction Business Act and the Civil Law. Under these laws, the real estate broker has no obligation to inspect the property to determine whether any physical defects exist, but is required to explain any physical defects that are known to the broker. If home inspection becomes more prevalent, disputes regarding physical defects in resale transactions should decrease, and, as a result, resale properties would be better utilized. In order for the use of home inspection to increase, the Building lots and Buildings Transaction Business Act should require that real estate brokers disclose to potential buyers the fact that home inspection is being conducted on the property being sold.
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