Este trabajo sigue la tendencia reciente de estudiar el contenido económico de obras que no revisten un carácter económico, ya sean obras filosóficas, de la literatura, etc. El Bushido era un código ...de conducta y de ética que existió en Japón en la Edad Media, desde el siglo XII hasta finales del siglo XIX. El Bushido como filosofía y código de conducta surgió en el siglo XII y estará en vigor durante siete siglos hasta su abolición en 1868, con la revolución industrial y el desmantelamiento de la sociedad tradicional aunque ello no quita que continuase presente en el Japón de la vida política, social y económica. Responde al objetivo trazado de analizar el contenido económico del texto de Yuzan.
Introduction: Although retaining a healthy and motivated medical workforce is becoming an intractable problem, the intrinsic motivation that keeps doctors working for patients remains ...under-investigated. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami provided a unique opportunity for culturally situated research into doctors’ intrinsic motivation. The purpose of this study was to answer the research question: what motivates doctors to work for patients above and beyond expectations? Methods: This paper reports a qualitative inquiry informed by semi-structured individual interviews with 15 Japanese doctors who had joined disaster relief activities, which uses the Bushidovirtue code as a conceptual framework. The authors read transcripts repeatedly and conducted a cross-case analysis to identify final themes and illustrative narratives. Results: A young doctor wanted to learn by testing out his capabilities. A senior doctor yearned to be of value to others. Other participants told how identifying with victims motivated them. There were negative as well as positive motivations, exemplified by a participant whose sense that well-educated people had a duty to help was coupled with a wish to avoid being blamed by others. Discussion: Volunteering met participants’ needs for self-esteem by restoring their relationships with patients to ones in which they had some measure of control. But avoiding being blamed or losing Meiyo(Honour) also motivated physicians to volunteer. Reinforcing the satisfaction of a job well done may help offset the lack of control, guilt, and shame that too easily results from the relentless pressures of workload and external accountability in today’s healthcare systems.
This paper uses documentary research techniques to analyse the use of kata, forms, in the Japanese martial arts. Following an introduction on the existence of kata practice, using existing sources of ...information the paper first examines the spiritual developments of bushido, secondly, the social changes that led to the redevelopment of bujutsu into budo is scrutinsised. Next, the position of kata in relation to budo martial arts is explored followed by a discussion on the use of kata as a pedagogy. Finally, kata is repositioned in light of the contextual expansion investigated demonstrating how kata could represent the intended essence of budo as well a culturally-valued, spiritual pedagogy.
The ideal of Japanese womanhood was created according to an educational ideology suited to a modern nation state. One regularly used concept was 'ryōsaikenbo', a mixed ideology, drawing together ...idealised images of the British lady and traditional Japanese women. Another imitated concept was Japanese athleticism called new Bushidō influenced by British boys' public school morality during the era of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance. However, there was a strong sense of Japanese cultural nationalism that grew in reaction to the threat of foreign enemies and the hardship of two wars, the Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895, and the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905. This created a potential problem. Despite an occidental veneer, those new values were combined with traditional Japanese religion. Elizabeth Phillips Hughes' articles published in Japan during 1901 and 1902 reflect this process of inventing a tradition of both Japanese women's and men's ideal that was originally influenced by the values of the British middle class and the fact that early feminism was trapped within imperialistic ideology. Eventually, girls' physical exercises were recommended as long as they did not damage femininity. Less feminine sports took popular underground paths. Girls' physical exercises flourished after the First World War in Britain and the Second World War in Japan.
This work follows the recent trend of studying the economic content of works that do not have an economic character, whether they are philosophical works, literature, etc. The Bushido was a code of ...conduct and ethics that existed in Japan in the Middle Ages, from the 12th century unti the end of the 19th century. The Bushido as a philosophy and code of conduct emerged in the twelfth century and will be in force for seven centuries until its abolition in 1868, with the industrial revolution and the dismantling of traditional society although this does not mean that it remains present in Japan of life political, social and economic. It responds to the objective of analyzing the economic content of Yuzan’s text.
Ce travail s’inscrit dans la tendance récente de l’étude du contenu économique des œuvres non économiques, telles que les œuvres philosophiques, les œuvres littéraires, etc. Le Bushido était un code de conduite et d’éthique qui existait au Japon au Moyen Âge, du XIIe siècle à la fin du XIXe siècle.La philosophie et le code de conduite du Bushido sont apparus au XIIe siècle et étaient en vigueur pendant sept siècles, jusqu’à leur abolition en 1868, avec la révolution industrielle et le démantèlement de la société traditionnelle, bien que cela n’enlève rien à sa présence continue au Japon dans la vie politique, sociale et économique. Il répond à l’objectif déclaré d’analyser le contenu économique du texte de Yuzan
Este trabajo sigue la tendencia reciente de estudiar el contenido económico de obras que no revisten un carácter económico, ya sean obras filosóficas, de la literatura, etc. El Bushido era un código de conducta y de ética que existió en Japón en la Edad Media, desde el siglo XII hasta finales del siglo XIX. El Bushido como filosofía y código de conducta surgió en el siglo XII y estará en vigor durante siete siglos hasta su abolición en 1868, con la revolución industrial y el desmantelamiento de la sociedad tradicional aunque ello no quita que continuase presente en el Japón de la vida política, social y económica. Responde al objetivo trazado de analizar el contenido económico del texto de Yuzan.
The purpose of this study is to clarify changes in ideas about bushido, especially focusing on the theories of the three historians Shigeno Yasutsugu, Matsumoto Aijū, and Naitō Chisō, which were ...formulated before the “bushido boom” of around 1905 and until the rise of modern bushido. In this paper, the theories of these three writers will be considered from two main perspectives: “the source of bushido” and “bushido’s ethics and morality”. On the “source of bushido”, Shigeno believed bushido to be something that existed from the beginning of the foundation of the country and saw its roots in the Mononobe and Ōtomo families that served the imperial household. Like Shigeno, Matsumoto thought the source of bushido was found in ancient times and the Yamato Court. In previous research, it was asserted that Shigeno was the first return to the source of bushido and emphasise the connection between it and the emperor. Nevertheless, such a view can also be seen in Matsumoto’s work from the previous year. Naito, who wrote his bushido theory two years earlier than Matsumoto, saw the source of bushido as emanating from the generals Nitta and Kusunoki, who protected the imperial household during the Nanboku-chō period. Before the works of Shigeno and Matsumoto, there was also a theory on the origins of bushido based on an historical view inherited from the early modern period, which can be seen in the position of the “Nanchō seitō-ron” (controversy surrounding the Northern and Southern Courts) of the Mitogaku school of Japanese historical and Shintō studies to which they belonged. As for “bushido’s ethics and morality”, the words “ethics” (rinri) and “morality” (dōtoku) were not used in Shigeno and Matsumoto’s theories of bushido. They were critical of the trend at the time to bring historical research and modern ethics and moral education closer together. Thus, their theories of bushido focused on piecing together historical evidence. Naitō, however, used the word “ethics” (rinri) in his discourse. The third decade of the Meiji Period was a time when Japanese literary history was becoming increasingly associated with ethics and moral education. The fact that Naitō was one of the key figures in this movement was thought to be the reason why he spoke of bushido as a source of ethics and morality. In addition, it could be said that such historical trends at that time may have influenced the ideological theory of bushido combined ethics and morality later purported by the scholar Inoue Tetsujirō during the “bushido boom”.
This experimental article explores the question of whether it is possible to examine the experience of playing fighting games (video games) as a form of self-cultivation or practice and, in so doing, ...whether it becomes possible to shift the debate about the potential impact of violent video games on the people who play them (and on society around them). The article draws on five years of surveys and interviews with gamers from around the world, but seeks to interpret this data through a critical and creative reading of the games themselves as well as a reading of the so-called bushidō tradition (of texts about the intersection between Zen and the martial arts). The article concludes that fighting games might be experienced as forms of martial arts in themselves, complete with potentials for self-transformation, but that this form of engagement requires appropriate intentionality from players, which provokes a space for a manifesto to guide players' intentions.
PDF
