The monograph «Goldenrod» SPhU 2.0 describes the general morphological and anatomical features of two species – Solidago gigantea Ait and Solidago canadensis L., which are similar. Not all diagnostic ...signs can be identified in powdered raw materials. It was important to investigate domestic series of сanadian goldenrod and to identify additional diagnostic signs.
The aim of the work was to study the series of domestic raw materials of сanadian goldenrod by anatomical features and to determine the totality of individual features of the species to establish the identity of raw materials.
The object of the study were samples of сanadian goldenrod grass, which were harvested in August 2020 in the regions of Ukraine. We used an iPhone XR camera, Item PB-2610 V microscope.
Important features of the anatomical structure of the raw material of сanadian goldenrod include: the cells of the stem epidermis are parenchymal, ortho-walled, porous, the leaves – sinuous- and ortho-walled. The presence in the pubescence of stems and leaves 3 types of hairs: simple long, 5–8-celled (up to 20), with thickened walls and pointed cell; short, 2–3-celled, with a dormant apical cell; short and headed with a 2–3-celled stalk and a rounded unicellular head; on the surface and edge of the leaves of the involucre – simple short and 3–4-cell hairs, corollas of flowers – multicellular double-row hairs; stem vessels are spiral, ladder, porous and reticulate; schizogenous structures in the stems, leaves and leaves of the involucre; sphenocrystals of inulin in the parenchyma and vessels of the stem, the cells of the corollas of flowers.
A series of domestic raw materials of сanadian goldenrod has been studied according to anatomical features, a set of individual features of the species has been determined. The obtained results can be used in plant taxonomy for comparative analysis of morphologically similar species of the genus Zolotushnik, as well as to supplement the section «Identification B» of the monograph SPhU 2.0 «Zolotushnik».
Gold and green forests Anna-Karin Arvidsson
Formakademisk,
09/2023, Letnik:
16, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Sweden's fauna and flora are constantly changing. Humans have not only deliberately promoted and introduced new species in horticulture, agriculture and forestry, they have also acted as a vector for ...the introduction of alien species through, for example, transportation and food. When these species spread rapidly and affect biodiversity, they are deemed ‘invasive alien species’. This artistic research project explores and articulates how humans, as part of a system where nature and culture meet, affect complex functioning ecosystems through the movement of species. The starting point is the iconic elm tree and how its cultural and natural ecosystems have been wiped out in large parts of Europe by the invasive fungus Ophistoma novo ulmi. With the extinction of the elm come ecological and cultural losses. Those losses are examined and interpreted in this work, in a dialogue with nature and with people. At the same time, another species is explored, the Canadian goldenrod, which, unlike the elm, is expanding rapidly. With these explorations, life stories about the elm will be created not only for our collective memory, but also for speculation about what happens when a new and invasive alien species, such as the Canadian goldenrod, spreads. The form of my narrative is based in materials, crafts and objects. It is primarily the objects and the process that are the carriers of the stories. As a ceramicist, I use clay as a sketching material, binder and a tool for documentation. These species, the elm and the goldenrod, constitute the materiality that are part of the exploration and creation.
Natural colorants could serve as a bio-based alternative for synthetic textile dyes. Most natural colorants exhibit limited affinity to cellulosic fibres. As a result only light shades are obtained ...and the efficiency in use of the valuable plant extracts is low. By addition of a cationic polymer to the viscose spin dope regenerated cellulose, fibres with incorporated cationic groups are obtained. The presence of accessible cationic sites increases sorption of natural dyes substantially. In dyeing experiments with extracts from canadian goldenrod, green nut shell and ashes bark darker dyeings were obtained the modified viscose fibres compared to results on cotton or viscose fibres. The higher sorption of the natural dyes can be explained with dissociation of the extracted natural dye molecules under dyebath conditions. The formation of negatively charged dye molecules was confirmed with model calculations for species distribution using representative natural dye molecules as examples. The results indicate a strategy for a more economic use of plant based colorants, which is a condition for wider use of this renewable dye source.
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•Incorporation of cationic polymer into viscose fibre increases natural dye uptake.•Cationisation of viscose improves colour yield with natural colorants.•Dissociation of natural dyes in the dyebath leads to negatively charged molecules.•Negatively charged natural dyes exhibit high sorption on cationic sites in fibre.•Extracts from ashes bark, canadian goldenrod, green nut shell show behave similar.
Plant essential oils (EOs) are one of the most relevant natural products due to their biological, medicinal, and nutritional properties. The promising biological effects of many plants EOs encourage ...researchers to study their biochemical properties to be used as possible natural alternatives for commercial pesticides and not only as herbal medicines. The current research has been conducted to study the microbicide effect of
L. EO to control some common plant diseases caused by several postharvest phytopathogenic fungi (Monilinia fructicola, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium expansum) in comparison with Azoxystrobin as a large spectrum fungicide. The antibacterial activity has been carried out against some phytopathogenic bacteria (Bacillus megaterium and Clavibacter michiganensis (G+ve) and Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (G-ve)) compared to the synthetic antibiotic Tetracycline. Minimum inhibitory concentration was carried out to determine the lowest effective EO dose using a 96-well microplate. The cell membrane permeability was also evaluated by measuring the electric conductivity (EC) to examine the possible mechanisms of action of
EO. Chemical characterization of EO has been carried out using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-two identified components in
EO presented 97.7% of total compounds in EO. The principal compounds were identified as germacrene D (34.9%), limonene (12.5%), α-pinene (11.6%), β-elemene (7.1%), and bornyl acetate (6.3%). In addition, S. canadensis EO demonstrated promising in vitro antimicrobial activities against the majority of tested phytopathogens at all tested concentrations.
Gold and green forests Arvidsson, Anna-Karin
Formakademisk,
2023, Letnik:
16, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Sweden's fauna and flora are constantly changing. Humans have not only deliberately promoted and introduced new species in horticulture, agriculture and forestry, they have also acted as a vector for ...the introduction of alien species through, for example, transportation and food. When these species spread rapidly and affect biodiversity, they are deemed ‘invasive alien species’. This artistic research project explores and articulates how humans, as part of a system where nature and culture meet, affect complex functioning ecosystems through the movement of species. The starting point is the iconic elm tree and how its cultural and natural ecosystems have been wiped out in large parts of Europe by the invasive fungus Ophistoma novo ulmi. With the extinction of the elm come ecological and cultural losses. Those losses are examined and interpreted in this work, in a dialogue with nature and with people. At the same time, another species is explored, the Canadian goldenrod, which, unlike the elm, is expanding rapidly. With these explorations, life stories about the elm will be created not only for our collective memory, but also for speculation about what happens when a new and invasive alien species, such as the Canadian goldenrod, spreads. The form of my narrative is based in materials, crafts and objects. It is primarily the objects and the process that are the carriers of the stories. As a ceramicist, I use clay as a sketching material, binder and a tool for documentation. These species, the elm and the goldenrod, constitute the materiality that are part of the exploration and creation.
Alien plant invasions of riparian zones can trigger bottom-up effects on freshwater ecosystems through changes in leaf litter supply. Riparian zones of ponds are often invaded by alien species, and ...although these habitats are common, the effect of invasive alien species on ponds has rarely been studied. We performed a leaf litter experiment in a pond and compared within- and between-species variation in the breakdown rates of three native species (Alnus glutinosa, Phragmites australis and Typha angustifolia) and two aggressive alien invaders of riparian zones (Fallopia japonica and Solidago canadensis). The litter of S. canadensis decomposed faster than the litter of the other plants; more than 50 % of the S. canadensis biomass decomposed within a week. This contradicts the home-field advantage hypothesis, and we argue that the quality rather than the origin of litter might be the key factor driving breakdown rates. We also reported considerable intra-specific variation; old leaves (collected in spring after a partial aerial breakdown on stems) decomposed two to seven times slower than senescent leaves (collected in autumn just after abscission). The continuous seasonal supply of leaves of different quality into freshwaters may be disrupted by terrestrial invasions, especially if an invader forms monoculture stands and produces a highly palatable litter, as is the case with S. canadensis. This may fundamentally alter the resource dynamics in the pond environment through a rapid depletion of litter mass before the next litterfall.
Both soil microbes and soil N:P ratios can affect plant growth, but it is unclear whether they can interact to alter plant growth and whether such an interactive effect depends on nutrient levels. ...Here, we tested the hypothesis that soil microbes can ameliorate the negative effects of nutrient imbalance caused by low or high N:P ratios on plant growth and that such an ameliorative effect of soil microbes depends on nutrient supply levels. We grew individuals of six populations of the clonal plant
Solidago canadensis
at three N:P ratios (low (1.7), intermediate (15), and high (135)), under two nutrient levels (low versus high) and in the presence versus absence of soil microbes. The presence of soil microbes significantly increased biomass of
S. canadensis
at all three N:P ratios and under both nutrient levels. Under the low-nutrient level, biomass, height, and leaf number of
S. canadensis
did not differ significantly among the three N:P ratio treatments in the absence of soil microbes, but they were higher at the high than at the low and the intermediate N:P ratio in the presence of soil microbes. Under the high-nutrient level, by contrast, biomass, height, and leaf number of
S. canadensis
were significantly higher at the low than at the high and the intermediate N:P ratio in the absence of soil microbes, but increased with increasing the N:P ratio in the presence of soil microbes. In the presence of soil microbes, number of ramets (asexual individuals) and the accumulation of N and P in plants were significantly higher at the high than at the low and the intermediate N:P ratio under both nutrient levels, whereas in the absence of soil microbes, they did not differ significantly among the three N:P ratio regardless of the nutrient levels. Our results provide empirical evidence that soil microbes can alter effects of N:P ratios on plant performance and that such an effect depends on nutrient availability. Soil microbes may, therefore, play a role in modulating ecosystem functions such as productivity and carbon and nutrient cycling via modulating nutrient imbalance caused by low and high N:P ratios.
This study examined the effect of modifying Canadian goldenrod (
) biomass on its sorption capacity of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Reactive Yellow 84 anionic dyes. The scope of the research included ...the characteristics of sorbents (FTIR, elementary analysis, pH
), the effect of pH on dye sorption efficiency, sorption kinetics, and the maximum sorption capacity (describing the data with Langmuir 1 and 2 and Freundlich models). FTIR analyses showed the appearance of amine functional groups in the materials modified with ammonia water, which is indicative of the sorbent amination process. The amination efficiency was higher in the case of materials pre-activated with epichlorohydrin, which was confirmed by elemental analysis and pH
values. The sorption efficiency of RB5 and RY84 on the tested sorbents was the highest in the pH range of 2-3. The sorption capacity of the goldenrod biomass pre-activated with epichlorohydrin and then aminated with ammonia water was 71.30 mg/g and 59.29 mg/g in the case of RB5 and RY84, respectively, and was higher by 2970% and 2510%, respectively, compared to the unmodified biomass. Amination of biomass pre-activated with epichlorohydrin can increase its sorption capacity, even by several dozen times.
Abstract Solidago canadensis L. cv. Tara and Delphinium elatum, the hybrid White River are summer flowers with great agronomic potential. The goal of this study was to establish the phenology of ...these species grown under greenhouse conditions, as well as to determine the correlation between climatic elements (relative humidity - RH, growing degree-days for development - GDD and soil moisture - SM) with growth variables (stem length and diameter, fresh weight FW - and dry weight - DW) in S. canadensis and D. elatum. The life cycle for S. canadensis and D. elatum ended when reaching 30% of the flower opening, the stem length reached 118.05 and 123.74 cm, at 94 and 77 days, respectively. The growth of both species showed a logistic curve pattern throughout the crop cycle; S. canadensis showed maximum values for absolute growth rate (AGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) at 77 and 42 days after transplanting (DAT), respectively; in contrast to D. elatum which occurred at 77 and 28 DAT. On the other hand, for the correlation between climatic elements and growth variables in S. canadensis, the GDD and RH were directly correlated with both FW and DW, stem diameter and length, while an inverse correlation occurred for SM. D. elatum showed a direct correlation between climatic conditions and growth variables.
Resumo Solidago canadensis L. Cv. Tara e Delphinium elatum híbrido White Rever são flores de verão com grande potencial agronômico. O objetivo foi estabelecer a fenologia destas espécies cultivadas em estufa, assim como determinar o tipo de correlação existente entre os elementos climáticos (umidade relativa - UR, graus-dia de desenvolvimento - GDD e umidade do solo) e as variáveis de crescimento (longitude e diâmetro das hastes, peso fresco e seco). O ciclo de cultivo em S. canadensis e D. elatum, finalizou quando se tinha 30% de abertura floral, e o comprimento das hastes atingiram 118,05 e 123,74 cm, aos 94 e 77 dias, respectivamente. Ao longo do cultivo o crescimento das espécies estudadas acompanhou um patrão de curva logística, em S. canadensis os máximos valores da taxa de crescimento absoluto e a taxa de crescimento relativo foram aos 77 e 42 dias após o transplantio (DAT), respectivamente, sendo que diferença de D. elatum aconteceu aos 77 e 28 DAT. Por outro lado, no que se refere à correlação entre os elementos climáticos e as variáveis de crescimento em S. canadenis, GDD e UR correlacionaram-se de forma direta com o peso fresco e seco, diâmetro e longitude da haste, em contraste a umidade do solo que teve uma relação inversa. D. elatum evidenciou uma relação direta entre as variáveis climáticas e as variáveis de crescimento.
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