Cancer during pregnancy threatens the lives of mother and foetus and its incidence is rising, making it an emerging medical challenge. Evidence on the direct impact of cancer therapies on neonatal ...outcomes resulted in general guidelines for maternal treatment that safeguards foetal development. Less focus has been placed on indirect factors, in pre- and postnatal periods, that may exert long-term impacts specifically on child neurocognition. Foetal development, in the context of maternal cancer during pregnancy, may be influenced directly by exposure to cancer diagnostics and (co-)treatment, or indirectly through maternal inflammation, malnutrition, hormonal fluctuations, prematurity, and psycho-biological stress. Maternal stress and insecure mother-infant bonding related to postpartum cancer treatment may further impact child cognitive-behavioural development. Understanding the independent and synergistic effects of the factors impacting neurocognitive development creates the opportunity to intervene during the oncological treatment to improve the child’s long-term outcome, both by medical and psychosocial care and support.
•Cancer in pregnancy: Direct and indirect factors determine child neurodevelopment.•Pre + postnatal periods are sensitive to epigenetic changes by external influences.•Critical postnatal period of neurodevelopment has received insufficient attention.•Oncological decision-making must consider impact of all factors on child outcomes.
Vandetanib Commander, Helen; Whiteside, Glenn; Perry, Caroline
Drugs (New York, N.Y.),
01/2011, Letnik:
71, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Vandetanib is an orally active antagonist of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or HER1 or ErbB1) and RET kinase, and is now ...available in the US for the treatment of metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Regulatory submissions for this indication have been filed in the EU and Canada, with clinical development in malignant MTC ongoing in several other countries. Vandetanib is being developed by AstraZeneca, and is also in phase II development for biliary, breast and prostate cancer. Earlier, AstraZeneca withdrew regulatory filings for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the US and EU, and later discontinued development. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of vandetanib leading to this first approval in malignant MTC.
Complications of cancer therapy in children can result in a spectrum of neurologic toxicities that may occur at the initiation of therapy or months to years after treatment. Although childhood cancer ...remains rare, increasing survival rates mean that more children will be living longer after cancer treatment. Therefore, complications of cancer therapy will most likely occur with increasing frequency.At times, it is very difficult to differentiate between therapeutic complications and other entities such as tumor recurrence, development of secondary malignancy, and infection (among other conditions). Radiologists often play a key role in the diagnosis and evaluation of pediatric patients with malignancies, and thus, awareness of imaging findings of cancer complications and alternative diagnoses is essential in guiding management and avoiding misdiagnosis. The aim of this review article is to illustrate the typical neuroimaging findings of cancer therapy-related toxicities, including both early and late treatment effects, highlighting pearls that may aid in making the appropriate diagnosis.
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•NearIR(NIR) absorbing dyes for Photodynamic therapy was reviewed.•NIR absorbing chromophore BODIPY, cyanine, porphyrin, phthalocyanine, nano assemblies and etc., were ...covered.•Performance of the NIR dyes on selective ablation of tumors were discussed.•Photodynamic mechanism of these dyes were covered.•Potential of Photosensitizers selectively targeting sub-cellular organelles were discussed.
Photo Dynamic Therapy (PDT) is regarded as an effective therapeutic approach for cancer, which employs light and photosensitizing chemical substances. The successful demonstration of this technique by Dougherty et al. paved a new way for tumor treatment. Since then the technique has been continuously evolving to keep up its promises in medical science. The basic idea of PDT is to administer photoactive small molecules within tumor cells. The photoactive molecules, well known as Photosensitizers (PS) absorb light from external light source depending on its absorption property and goes to excited state. In this excited state they react with molecular oxygen of the living tissues and forms reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS are very toxic to the cells as they instantly oxidize important biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), which leads to the dysfunction of the cells and eventually results in the cell death. In this context, PS which absorb broad region of energy ranging to Near Infrared Region (NIR) is desired as NIR, with better penetration efficiency into deep tissues as compared to visible light. One single review would be inadequate to consolidate all aspects of PDT on its design and efficacy. Each step needs a lot of standardizations and efforts and every step is equally important. This review is an attempt to give a comprehensive overview about the recent advancement in NIR absorbing dyes such as BODIPYs, Keio Fluors, Aza-BODIPY, Chorin, Phthalocyanines, Cyanine dyes, and Nano particles based NIR photosensitizers and their potential in PDT. Herein, we have also given deep insights into the recent trends in this field which emphasizes the potential of this technique to become a first line of treatment for tumours of diverse range.
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•One of the best candidates for biocatalysis.•Preparation methods of MOF-based nanozymes.•Nanomaterials applied in sensing and therapy.•Factors influencing catalytic activity of ...MOF-based nanozyme.•Simulation of the activities of various enzymes.
Nanozymes bridge the fields of inorganic nanomaterials and biology and have attracted wide attention. Nanozymes have the catalytic capabilities of inorganic materials at the nanoscale, and, thus, the potential to replace natural enzymes. As porous organic–inorganic coordination materials, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have a large number of active sites and can mimic the properties of natural enzymes. Therefore, MOF-based nanozymes are considered to have excellent potential for biocatalysis. There are four main categories of such nanomaterials: pristine MOFs, modified MOFs, MOFs composited with natural enzymes, and MOF-derived materials. The diversity of species makes MOF-based nanozymes own wide structural variety. Not only that, diverse preparation methods of them have been reported. These nanozymes can also be modulated by macroscopic physical factors such as light, heat, ultrasound, and magnetic fields, which expand their applications. In this paper, the routes to prepare MOF-based nanozymes that simulate the activity of oxidases, peroxidases, catalases, superoxide dismutase, hydrolases, and multi-functional enzymes are reviewed, together with the factors influencing their catalytic activity. In addition, the applications of these nanomaterials are described, particularly those in sensing and medical treatment. Finally, we discuss possible future directions for the development of MOF-based nanozymes.
Cancer is often associated with pain and is a frequent issue in patients with chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. The participation of patients in studies and their influence on study design is ...important. Patient support groups have been formed for several forms of cancer, and are helpful in dispensing advice. The treatment of cancer patients must include activities of daily living and quality of life. Often, palliative care and end-of-life care are part of the disease trajectory. As this book shows, patients do not have equal access to cancer treatment around the world, and often basic issues as diagnosis, treatment are lacking.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the cause of a growing percentage of head and neck cancers (HNC); primarily, a subset of oral squamous cell carcinoma, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, ...and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The majority of HPV-associated head and neck cancers (HPV + HNC) are caused by HPV16; additionally, co-factors such as smoking and immunosuppression contribute to the progression of HPV + HNC by interfering with tumor suppressor miRNA and impairing mediators of the immune system. This review summarizes current studies on HPV + HNC, ranging from potential modes of oral transmission of HPV (sexual, self-inoculation, vertical and horizontal transmissions), discrepancy in the distribution of HPV + HNC between anatomical sites in the head and neck region, and to studies showing that HPV vaccines have the potential to protect against oral HPV infection (especially against the HPV types included in the vaccines). The review concludes with a discussion of major challenges in the field and prospects for the future: challenges in diagnosing HPV + HNC at early stages of the disease, measures to reduce discrepancy in the prevalence of HPV + HNC cases between anatomical sites, and suggestions to assess whether fomites/breast milk can transmit HPV to the oral cavity.
Complications of cancer therapy in children can result in a spectrum of toxicities that can affect any organ system and result in a range of morbidity. Complications may occur at the initiation of ...therapy or years following treatment. Although childhood cancer remains rare, increasing survival rates means more children are living longer following their treatment. Radiologists often play an important role in the diagnosis and evaluation of these complications, and thus, awareness of their imaging findings is essential to guide management and avoid misdiagnosis. This second part of a 2-part review aims to illustrate the typical body imaging findings of cancer therapy-related toxicities, including both early and late treatment effects. The article also discusses the differential diagnosis of imaging findings, highlighting pearls and pitfalls in making the appropriate diagnosis.
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery system (DDS) is considered promising for cancer treatment. Compared with traditional DDS, the nanoparticle-based DDS shows improved efficacy by: 1) increasing ...half-life of vulnerable drugs and proteins, 2) improving the solubility of hydrophobic drugs, and 3) allowing controlled and targeted release of drugs in diseased site. This review mainly focuses on nanoparticle-based DDS fabricated from chitosan, silica, and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid). Their fabrication methods and applications in cancer treatment are introduced. The current limitations and future perspectives of the nanoparticle-based DDS are discussed.
•Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems improve therapeutic efficacy of cancer treatment.•Recent progresses of drug delivery systems based on chitosan, silica, and PLGA nanoparticles are discussed.•Development of multifunctional and targeting nanoparticles have the potential to further enhance therapeutic efficacy.
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