In this randomized trial involving patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest without ST-segment elevation on postresuscitation electrocardiography, no benefit was found for immediate cardiac ...catherization as compared with delayed or selective catherization.
In a randomized trial involving 8014 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the use of epinephrine resulted in a significantly higher rate of 30-day survival than placebo but not a higher rate ...of survival with a favorable neurologic outcome.
This study examined whether training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation increases the frequency of bystander CPR and the rate of survival. CPR performed before the arrival of emergency medical services ...was associated with a substantially greater 30-day survival rate.
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is a major public health concern, given that there are approximately 420,000 cases in the United States and 275,000 cases in Europe annually.
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Decreasing the time to treatment is crucial for improving outcomes in cases of cardiac arrest.
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As stated in American and European guidelines, the most important response measures that currently can be taken outside a hospital setting are recognizing early that a cardiac arrest is occurring, placing an alarm call, performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and performing defibrillation.
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Globally, CPR is taught to millions of people each year. In Sweden, more than 3 . . .
There is no standard for categorizing reasons for death in those who achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after cardiac arrest but die before hospital discharge. Categorization is ...important for comparing outcomes across studies, assessing benefits of interventions, and developing quality-improvement initiatives. We developed and tested a method for categorizing reasons for death after cardiac arrest in both in-hospital (IHCA) and out-of-hospital (OHCA) arrests.
Single-center, retrospective, cohort study of patients with ROSC after IHCA or OHCA between 2008 and 2017 who died before hospital discharge. Traumatic arrests and patients with “do-not-resuscitate” orders prior to their arrest were excluded. Two investigators assigned each patient to one of five predefined reasons for death. Interrater reliability was assessed using Fleiss’ kappa. For final categorization, discrepancies were resolved by a third investigator.
There were 182 IHCA and 226 OHCA included. There was substantial agreement between raters (kappa of 0.62 and 0.61 for IHCA and OHCA, respectively). Reasons for death for IHCA and OHCA were: neurological withdrawal of care (27% vs 73%), comorbid withdrawal of care (36% vs 4%), refractory hemodynamic shock (25% vs 17%), respiratory failure (1% vs 3%), and sudden cardiac death (11% vs 4%). The differences in reasons for death among the two groups were significant (p-value < 0.001).
Categorizing reasons for death after cardiac arrest with ROSC is feasible using our proposed categories, with substantial inter-rater agreement. Neurologic withdrawal of care is much less common in IHCA than OHCA, which may have implications for further research.
To quantitatively summarize the available epidemiological evidence on the survival rate of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
We ...systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases, and the references of retrieved articles were manually reviewed to identify studies reporting the outcome of OHCA patients who received CPR. The overall incidence and outcome of OHCA were assessed using a random-effects meta-analysis.
A total of 141 eligible studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled incidence of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was 29.7% (95% CI 27.6-31.7%), the rate of survival to hospital admission was 22.0% (95% CI 20.7-23.4%), the rate of survival to hospital discharge was 8.8% (95% CI 8.2-9.4%), the pooled 1-month survival rate was 10.7% (95% CI 9.1-13.3%), and the 1-year survival rate was 7.7% (95% CI 5.8-9.5%). Subgroup analysis showed that survival to hospital discharge was more likely among OHCA patients whose cardiac arrest was witnessed by a bystander or emergency medical services (EMS) (10.5%; 95% CI 9.2-11.7%), who received bystander CPR (11.3%, 95% CI 9.3-13.2%), and who were living in Europe and North America (Europe 11.7%; 95% CI 10.5-13.0%; North America: 7.7%; 95% CI 6.9-8.6%). The survival to discharge (8.6% in 1976-1999 vs. 9.9% in 2010-2019), 1-month survival (8.0% in 2000-2009 vs. 13.3% in 2010-2019), and 1-year survival (8.0% in 2000-2009 vs. 13.3% in 2010-2019) rates of OHCA patients who underwent CPR significantly increased throughout the study period. The Egger's test did not indicate evidence of publication bias for the outcomes of OHCA patients who underwent CPR.
The global survival rate of OHCA patients who received CPR has increased in the past 40 years. A higher survival rate post-OHCA is more likely among patients who receive bystander CPR and who live in Western countries.
Abstract Introduction This study reports the epidemiology and outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in England during 2014. Methods Prospective observational study from the national ...OHCA registry. The incidence, demographic and outcomes of patients who were treated for an OHCA between 1st January, 2014 and 31st December 2014 in 10 English ambulance service (EMS) regions, serving a population of almost 54 million, are reported in accordance with Utstein recommendations. Results 28,729 OHCA cases of EMS treated cardiac arrests were reported (53 per 100,000 of resident population). The mean age was 68.6 (SD = 19.6) years and 41.3% were female. Most (83%) occurred in a place of residence, 52.7% were witnessed by either the EMS or a bystander. In non-EMS witnessed cases, 55.2% received bystander CPR whilst public access defibrillation was used rarely (2.3%). Cardiac aetiology was the leading cause of cardiac arrest (60.9%). The initial rhythm was asystole in 42.4% of all cases and was shockable (VF or pVT) in 20.6%. Return of spontaneous circulation at hospital transfer was evident in 25.8% (n = 6302) and survival to hospital discharge was 7.9%. Conclusion Cardiac arrest is an important cause of death in England. With less than one in ten patients surviving, there is scope to improve outcomes. Survival rates were highest amongst those who received bystander CPR and public access defibrillation.
IMPORTANCE: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has poor outcome. Whether intra-arrest transport, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR), and immediate invasive assessment and ...treatment (invasive strategy) is beneficial in this setting remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether an early invasive approach in adults with refractory OHCA improves neurologically favorable survival. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Single-center, randomized clinical trial in Prague, Czech Republic, of adults with a witnessed OHCA of presumed cardiac origin without return of spontaneous circulation. A total of 256 participants, of a planned sample size of 285, were enrolled between March 2013 and October 2020. Patients were observed until death or day 180 (last patient follow-up ended on March 30, 2021). INTERVENTIONS: In the invasive strategy group (n = 124), mechanical compression was initiated, followed by intra-arrest transport to a cardiac center for ECPR and immediate invasive assessment and treatment. Regular advanced cardiac life support was continued on-site in the standard strategy group (n = 132). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was survival with a good neurologic outcome (defined as Cerebral Performance Category CPC 1-2) at 180 days after randomization. Secondary outcomes included neurologic recovery at 30 days (defined as CPC 1-2 at any time within the first 30 days) and cardiac recovery at 30 days (defined as no need for pharmacological or mechanical cardiac support for at least 24 hours). RESULTS: The trial was stopped at the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring board when prespecified criteria for futility were met. Among 256 patients (median age, 58 years; 44 17% women), 256 (100%) completed the trial. In the main analysis, 39 patients (31.5%) in the invasive strategy group and 29 (22.0%) in the standard strategy group survived to 180 days with good neurologic outcome (odds ratio OR, 1.63 95% CI, 0.93 to 2.85; difference, 9.5% 95% CI, −1.3% to 20.1%; P = .09). At 30 days, neurologic recovery had occurred in 38 patients (30.6%) in the invasive strategy group and in 24 (18.2%) in the standard strategy group (OR, 1.99 95% CI, 1.11 to 3.57; difference, 12.4% 95% CI, 1.9% to 22.7%; P = .02), and cardiac recovery had occurred in 54 (43.5%) and 45 (34.1%) patients, respectively (OR, 1.49 95% CI, 0.91 to 2.47; difference, 9.4% 95% CI, −2.5% to 21%; P = .12). Bleeding occurred more frequently in the invasive strategy vs standard strategy group (31% vs 15%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among patients with refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the bundle of early intra-arrest transport, ECPR, and invasive assessment and treatment did not significantly improve survival with neurologically favorable outcome at 180 days compared with standard resuscitation. However, the trial was possibly underpowered to detect a clinically relevant difference. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01511666
Objective
Brain injury is well established as a cause of early mortality after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), but postresuscitation shock also contributes to these deaths. This study aims to ...describe the respective incidence, risk factors, and relation to mortality of post-cardiac arrest (CA) shock and brain injury.
Design
Retrospective analysis of an observational cohort.
Setting
24-bed medical intensive care unit (ICU) in a French university hospital.
Patients
All consecutive patients admitted following OHCA were considered for analysis. Post-CA shock was defined as a need for infusion of vasoactive drugs after resuscitation. Death related to brain injury included brain death and care withdrawal for poor neurological evolution.
Intervention
None.
Measurements and main results
Between 2000 and 2009, 1,152 patients were admitted after OHCA. Post-CA shock occurred in 789 (68 %) patients. Independent factors associated with its onset were high blood lactate and creatinine levels at ICU admission. During the ICU stay, 269 (34.8 %) patients died from post-CA shock and 499 (65.2 %) from neurological injury. Age, raised blood lactate and creatinine values, and time from collapse to restoration of spontaneous circulation increased the risk of ICU mortality from both shock and brain injury, whereas a shockable rhythm was associated with reduced risk of death from these causes. Finally, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) decreased the risk of death from neurological injury.
Conclusions
Brain injury accounts for the majority of deaths, but post-CA shock affects more than two-thirds of OHCA patients. Mortality from post-CA shock and brain injury share similar risk factors, which are related to the quality of the rescue process.
In this section of the European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021, key information on the epidemiology and outcome of in and out of hospital cardiac arrest are presented. Key contributions from ...the European Registry of Cardiac Arrest (EuReCa) collaboration are highlighted. Recommendations are presented to enable health systems to develop registries as a platform for quality improvement and to inform health system planning and responses to cardiac arrest.
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