Existing sample data are important for digital soil mapping. Different sample points possess different representativeness. The representativeness of samples influences the soil mapping result ...greatly. However, few study focus on assessing the representativeness of single sample. In this paper, we proposed a method to identify representative samples from existing samples collected from multiple resources. The basic idea of the method was to use clusters of environmental covariates to approximate types of soil variations, and check the occupancy of the existing samples in centroids of environmental clusters. Those samples locating in typical locations or centroids of environmental clusters were considered as representative samples. In this paper, the proposed method was used to discern representative samples in 282 soil samples in Anhui Province, China. SOM content was mapped using a similarity based mapping method. Two cases with different training samples (representative samples, non-representative samples, and training samples including representative and non-representative samples) and validation samples were set to compare the mapping results and accuracies. The results showed that the SOM content maps predicted using representative training samples had generally higher accuracy than the results produced using non-representative samples, and comparative accuracies with the results produced using full training samples. To discern representative samples is helpful for understanding the soil-landscape relationships in an area and the proposed method can be used to design supplementary samples for a better soil mapping result. Mapping results and accuracies showed that different training and validation sample sets impacted the mapping results and accuracies greatly, which indicates that researchers should be cautious when using randomization to obtain training and validation subsets for soil mapping.
•We developed a method to extract representative samples from multi-sources samples.•We compared the mapping accuracies of different training and validation samples.•Predicted accuracy of RTS2 is generally higher than NRTS2 and comparative with FTS2.
One of the most specific but also challenging properties of the brain is its topographic organization into distinct modules or cortical areas. In this paper, we first review the concept of ...topographic organization and its historical development. Next, we provide a critical discussion of the current definition of what constitutes a cortical area, why the concept has been so central to the field of neuroimaging and the challenges that arise from this view. A key aspect in this discussion is the issue of spatial scale and hierarchy in the brain. Focusing on in-vivo brain parcellation as a rapidly expanding field of research, we highlight potential limitations of the classical concept of cortical areas in the context of multi-modal parcellation and propose a revised interpretation of cortical areas building on the concept of neurobiological atoms that may be aggregated into larger units within and across modalities. We conclude by presenting an outlook on the implication of this revised concept for future mapping studies and raise some open questions in the context of brain parcellation.
•The concept of cortical areas is fundamental to systems neuroscience.•Cortical areas should differentiate themselves through distinct structure, functionand connectivity.•This classical definitions are not trivially translated to human neuroimaging.•We here propose a reformulation of this concept based on increasing dissimilaritybetween neurobiological atoms along multi-dimensional features.•Each individual parcellation represents a specific view on this organization.
Despite the widespread application of landslide susceptibility analyses, there is hardly any information about whether or not the occurrence of recent landslide events was correctly predicted by the ...relevant susceptibility maps. Hence, the objective of this study is to evaluate four landslide susceptibility maps retrospectively in a landslide-prone area of the Swabian Alb (Germany). The predictive performance of each susceptibility map is evaluated based on a landslide event triggered by heavy rainfalls in the year 2013. The retrospective evaluation revealed significant variations in the predictive accuracy of the analyzed studies. Both completely erroneous as well as very precise predictions were observed. These differences are less attributed to the applied statistical method and more to the quality and comprehensiveness of the used input data. Furthermore, a literature review of 50 peer-reviewed articles showed that most landslide susceptibility analyses achieve very high validation scores. 73% of the analyzed studies achieved an area under curve (AUC) value of at least 80%. These high validation scores, however, do not reflect the high uncertainty in statistical susceptibility analysis. Thus, the quality assessment of landslide susceptibility maps should not only comprise an index-based, quantitative validation, but also an additional qualitative plausibility check considering local geomorphological characteristics and local landslide mechanisms. Finally, the proposed retrospective evaluation approach cannot only help to assess the quality of susceptibility maps and demonstrate the reliability of such statistical methods, but also identify issues that will enable the susceptibility maps to be improved in the future.
Name of Prof. Dr Spiro Boçi is known in the Albanian academic and scientific world, both inside and outside Albania, for his valuable contributions in the field of cartography, especially practical ...cartography and geodesy. With the experience of a passionate researcher, prof. Spiro Boçi has left a mark on Albanian scientific thought. He has a balance of over 40 years of extensive and successful research, publishing and pedagogical activity.
The legacy of prof. Spiros is diverse and reflects his broad interests. Scientific and pedagogical work of prof. Spiros will serve today’s and tomorrow’s generations and be a guide for them. Even today, Prof. Spiro Boçi continues to write and contribute successfully to the development of the science of cartography and geodesy.
In this paper an attempt is made to analyze the activity of Prof. Spiro Boçi in the field of practical cartography and geodesy and especially in the application of cartographic and geodetic methods in studying the movement of the Albanian Adriatic coastline.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•A deep CNN-based approach is developed to systematically extract roads from historical maps.•Training data are automatically generated through symbol reconstruction for training deep CNN ...models.•Four training scenarios are implemented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.•Symbol reconstruction can significantly enhance CNN prediction performance.
Historical road data are often needed for different purposes, such as tracking the evolution of road networks, spatial data integration, and urban sprawl investigation. However, road extraction from historical maps is challenging due to their dissatisfying quality, the difficulty in distinguishing road symbols from those of other features (e.g., isolines, streams), etc. Recently, although deep learning, especially deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have been successfully applied to extract roads from remote sensing images, road extraction from historical maps with deep learning is rarely seen in existing studies. Apart from this, it is time-consuming and laborious to manually label large amounts of training data. To bridge these gaps, this paper proposes a novel and efficient methodology to automatically generate training data through symbol reconstruction for road extraction. The proposed methodology is validated by implementing and comparing four training scenarios using the Swiss Siegfried map. The experiments show that imitation maps generated by symbol reconstruction are especially useful in two cases. First, if little manually labelled training data are available, models trained on imitation maps alone can already provide satisfactory road extraction results. Second, when training data from imitation maps are mixed with real training data, the resulting models even outperform the models trained on real data alone for some metrics, thus indicating that imitation maps can be a highly valuable addition. This research provides a new insight for fast and effective road extraction from historical maps using deep learning.
Tropical peatlands have an important role in the global carbon cycle. In order to quantify carbon stock for peatland management and conservation, the knowledge of the spatial distribution of peat and ...its depth is essential. This paper proposed a cost-effective and accurate methodology for mapping peat depth and carbon stocks in Indonesia. The method, based on the scorpan spatial soil prediction function framework, was tested in Ogan Komering Ilir, South Sumatra and Katingan, Central Kalimantan. A peat hydrological unit, where a peatland is bounded by at least two rivers, is defined as the mapping area or extent. Peat depth is modelled as a function of topography and spatial position. Four machine learning models were evaluated to model and map peat depth: Cubist regression tree, Random Forests (RF), Quantile Regression Forests (QRF) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Covariates representing topography and spatial position were derived from the 1 arc-second digital elevation model (DEM) of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) (resolution of 30.7 m). The spatial models were calibrated from field observations. For model calibration and uncertainty analysis, the k-fold cross validation approach was used. Three models: Cubist, Random Forests, and Quantile Regression Forests models showed excellent accuracies of peat depth prediction for both areas where the coefficient of determination values range from 0.67 to 0.92 and root mean squared error (RMSE) values range from 0.6 to 1.1 m. ANN showed inferior results. In addition, QRF and Cubist showed the best account of the uncertainty of prediction, in terms of percentage of observations that fall within the defined 90% confidence interval. In terms of the best predictor, elevation comes first. Using the spatial prediction functions, peat depth maps along with their 90% confidence interval were generated. The estimated mean carbon stock for Ogan Komering Ilir is 0.474 Gt and for Katingan is 0.123 Gt. Our estimate for Ogan Komering Ilir is twice larger than a previous study because we mapped the peatland hydrological unit, while the previous study only delineated peat domes. Finally, we recommend a sampling method for peat depth mapping using numerical stratification of elevation to cover both the geographical and covariate space. We expect that the combination of an improved sampling strategy, machine learning models, and kriging will increase the accuracy of peat depth mapping.
Focusing on the case study of a collection of photographs made by the Rondon Commission found in the archives of the Cartography Section of the National Library of France, this essay explores the ...relations between photographic images, archives, historical contexts, and politics of remembrance. In 1925, an anonymous donor gave 120 photographs of the expeditions of the Rondon Commission to the Societe de Geographie in Paris. Headed by the military officer Candido Rondon (1865- 1958), the Rondon Commission produced an impressive photographic record of numerous Indigenous tribes inhabiting those regions. While following the material and symbolic trajectories of these photographs, I am attempting to offer a selective and contextualized reading of their meanings by focusing on the photographic pacts undertaken, the relevance of aesthetic choices, and the strategies of political recognition. Keywords: Rondon. Archives. Memory. Enfocando como estudo de caso uma selecao de imagens fotograficas encontradas nos arquivos da secao de cartografia da Biblioteca Nacional da Franca, este ensaio explora as relacoes conceituais entre imagens, contextos culturais, arquivos e as politicas da memoria. Em 1925, um doador anonimo presenteou 120 fotografias feitas pela Comissao Rondon a Societe de Geographie de Paris. Comandada pelo oficial militar positivista Candido Mariano Rondon (1865-1958), a Comissao Rondon produziu, nas suas expedicoes pelo Mato Grosso, uma copiosa quantidade de fotografias, entre as quais se destacam as imagens dos indigenas que habitavam aquelas regioes. Ao comentar a trajetoria material e simbolica dessas fotografias, viso oferecer uma leitura critica seletiva enfatizando os termos do pacto fotografico, a escolha de codigos esteticos e as politicas de reconhecimento. Palavras-chave: Rondon. Arquivo. Memoria. Centrandose como un estudio de caso sobre una seleccion de imagenes fotograficas encontradas en los archivos de la seccion de cartografia de la Biblioteca Nacional de Francia, este ensayo explora las relaciones conceptuales entre imagenes, contextos culturales, archivos y las politicas de la memoria. En 1925, un donante anonimo presento 120 fotografias tomadas por la Comision Rondon a la Societe de Geographie de Paris. Al mando del oficial militar positivista, Candido Mariano Rondon (1865-1958), la Comision Rondon produjo, en sus expediciones a traves de Mato Grosso, una gran cantidad de fotografias, entre las cuales se destacan las imagenes de los pueblos indigenas que habitaban esas regiones. Al comentar sobre el material y la trayectoria simbolica de estas fotografias, pretendo ofrecer una lectura critica selectiva enfatizando los terminos del pacto fotografico, la eleccion de codigos esteticos y las politicas de reconocimiento. Palabras clave: Rondon. Archivo. Memoria.
Focusing on the case study of a collection of photographs made by the Rondon Commission found in the archives of the Cartography Section of the National Library of France, this essay explores the ...relations between photographic images, archives, historical contexts, and politics of remembrance. In 1925, an anonymous donor gave 120 photographs of the expeditions of the Rondon Commission to the Societe de Geographie in Paris. Headed by the military officer Candido Rondon (1865- 1958), the Rondon Commission produced an impressive photographic record of numerous Indigenous tribes inhabiting those regions. While following the material and symbolic trajectories of these photographs, I am attempting to offer a selective and contextualized reading of their meanings by focusing on the photographic pacts undertaken, the relevance of aesthetic choices, and the strategies of political recognition.
Objetivo. Este trabalho visa contribuir para uma cartografia ibero-americana através da análise da produção científica em Ciência da Informação em Portugal.Desenho/Metodologia/Enfoque. Apurou-se a ...oferta formativa em Ciência da Informação no país, os resultados da investigação avançada com foco nas teses de doutoramento concluídas em universidades portuguesas e respetivos temas, e analisaram-se as revistas científicas publicadas em Portugal.Resultados/Discussão. A análise temática das teses concluídas evidencia uma forte concentração da maioria do conteúdo da investigação produzida, no âmbito dos programas de doutoramento analisados, em torno de um grupo minoritário de temas e de subtemas, interpretado como tendências. No que às revistas diz respeito, existe um trabalho editorial recente muito meritório, que passa pela requalificação dos títulos em termos formais e científicos.Conclusões. A formação em Portugal na área de Ciência da Informação tem um longo percurso temporal, tendo nas últimas duas décadas sofrido uma transformação expressiva. O aumento do número de doutorados é um sinal muito positivo para a Ciência da Informação em Portugal. As revistas publicadas em Portugal refletem uma tendência clara pelo acesso aberto, com opção pela ‘via dourada’.Originalidade/Valor. Este trabalho analisa as principais transformações na formação em Ciência da Informação em Portugal, destacando a formação avançada em termos quantitativos e tendências de investigação, bem como os principais canais de disseminação da investigação, as revistas científicas publicadas em Portugal e a sua adaptação a uma exigência crescente de presença em bases de dados internacionais.
Deriving the functional hierarchy Ramchand, Gillian; Svenonius, Peter
Language sciences (Oxford),
11/2014, Letnik:
46
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
There is a tension between Chomsky's recent Minimalist theory and the cartographic program initiated by Cinque. Cinque's cartography argues for a large number of fine-grained categories organized in ...one or more universal Rich Functional Hierarchies (RFH). The subtlety of the evidence and the richness of the inventory virtually force an innatist approach.
In contrast, Chomsky argues for a minimal role for UG (MUG), shifting the burden to extralinguistic cognition, learning, and what he calls third factor principles such as principles of efficient computation. In this paper we reconcile the austere MUG vision of Chomsky with the impressive empirical evidence that Cinque and others have presented for RFH.
We argue (building on previous work) that some Cartographic work overstates the universality of the orders observed, and furthermore conflates several different sources of ordering. Ordering sources include scope, polarity, and semantic category.
Once these factors are properly understood, there remains an irreduceable universal functional hierarchy, for example that which orders epistemic modality and tense over root modality and aspect, and that which orders the latter over argument structure and Aktionsart (as discussed in much previous work).
This residual core functional hierarchy (CFH) is unexplained so far by work which follows MUG. Rather than simply stipulating the CFH as part of UG, we reconcile CFH with MUG by detailing what nonlinguistic cognition must look like in order for MUG to derive the CFH. We furthermore show how an individual language develops a language-specific RFH which is consistent with the universal CFH, illustrating with a detailed account of the English auxiliary system.
•The tension between Minimalism and Cartography is addressed.•Three domains of the clause, V, T, and C are examined.•The English auxiliary system is analyzed.•Minimalist motivation for a portion of the functional hierarchy is provided.•A more general theory of functional hierarchies is sketched.
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