El presente artículo estudia los efectos de la competencia por fondos entre municipios chilenos. Para esto se entrevistó a un grupo de funcionarios municipales con experiencia en la postulación al ...Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Regional (fndr). Pese a su relevancia local, la competencia por fondos de inversión ha sido comúnmente analizada desde una perspectiva jerárquica y aislada de los procesos administrativos acontecidos pre y posdistribución. El artículo muestra que la competencia por el fndr, pese a asegurar la rentabilidad social de los proyectos, favorecería a los municipios con mayor población y recursos, dificultando el cumplimiento de sus objetivos. Además, los proyectos tenderían a buscar el beneplácito del gobierno central en detrimento de lo propuesto localmente, evidenciando una asimetría entre los funcionarios del gobierno local y central. Por último, la competencia incentivaría la postulación de proyectos de menor magnitud y fácilmente visibles por la población, lo que afectaría el desarrollo de los municipios y las comunidades que las habitan.
The Backlash Against Globalization Walter, Stefanie
Annual review of political science,
05/2021, Letnik:
24, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In recent years, the world has seen a rising backlash against globalization. This article reviews the nature, causes, and consequences of the globalization backlash. It shows that, contrary to a ...popular narrative, the backlash is not associated with a large swing in public opinion against globalization but is rather a result of its politicization. The increasing influence of globalization-skeptic actors has resulted in more protectionist, isolationist, and nationalist policies, some of which fundamentally threaten pillars of the contemporary international order. Both material and nonmaterial causes drive the globalization backlash, and these causes interact and mediate each other. The consequences are shaped by the responses of societal actors, national governments, and international policy makers. These responses can either yield to and reinforce the global backlash or push back against it. Understanding these dynamics will be an important task for future research.
While research on the disclosure of CSR (corporate social responsibility) recognizes the influence of government regulations and guidelines, less attention has been given to the co-existence of ...conflicting pressures from the state. We develop a framework wherein CSR reporting is viewed as an organizational response to institutional complexity that arises from the conflicting demands from the central government and local governments, and apply it to publicly listed firms in China after the central government agencies issued guidelines on CSR reporting. Some provincial governments' high priority given to short-term GDP growth created tension with the central government's expectations on CSR reporting. Firms with attributes that increase scrutiny from both institutional constituencies experienced heightened tension, and they responded with early adoption but low-quality reports. Our framework was supported through a longitudinal analysis between 2008 and 2011. Our study contributes to the literature on CSR disclosure by uncovering the impact of conflicting government pressures, and advances research on institutional complexity by identifying a specific decoupling response.
Over the past decade, the EU has faced multiple crises. In the introduction to this collection, we argue that this 'polycrisis' is fracturing the European political system across multiple, ...simultaneous rifts, thereby creating a 'polycleavage'. As a consequence, the EU is caught in a 'politics trap'. Similar to other decision traps, this multi-level politics trap is dysfunctional, but difficult to escape altogether. The contributions to this collection analyze the mechanisms of the politics trap, its relationship to the European polycrisis, and the strategies pursued by a plurality of actors (the Commission, the European Parliament, national governments) to cope with its constraints. In light of this analysis, we argue that comprehensive, 'grand' bargains are for the moment out of reach, but national and supranational actors can find ways of 'relaxing' the politics trap and in so doing perhaps lay the foundations for more ambitious future solutions.
Research summary: Emerging economies such as China enjoy economic expansion, but also face dramatic environmental challenges. China's government is a central actor in both stimulating economic ...activities and pursuing environmental protection. Drawing on panel data and indepth interviews, we examined the influence of the Chinese state at multiple levels on the environmental actions of publicly listed firms. The results show that corporate environmental actions follow an inverted U-shape as control of environmental practices moves from the central government to the most decentral administrative level. This curvilinear relationship is positively moderated by the stringency of environmental regulation and negatively moderated by environmental monitoring capacity. We conclude that state influence on corporate environmental actions in China is multifaceted and subject to "policy-policy decoupling." Managerial summary: As China's environmental awareness is growing, the country's government is increasingly concerned with the question as to how it can improve the environmental performance of the firms it controls. Our evidence shows the concurrence of two contravening government influences on corporate environmental practices: a performance-enhancing effect of the regulatory pressure by multiple authorities and a performancediminishing effect of the autonomy enjoyed by local governments. Both the most centrally and the most decentrally controlled firms in China show significantly weaker environmental performance than those controlled by intermediary levels of government. The stringency of sectorial environmental regulation and environmental monitoring capacity affect the strength of the Chinese government's green grip.
Atualmente no Brasil todos parecem concordar que a segurança pública é um problema que afeta diversos aspectos da vida social, política e econômica do país. A despeito dos esforços em aumentar os ...gastos na área, os presidentes, governadores e prefeitos eleitos nos últimos 30 anos têm fracassado em prover segurança para a população. O livro analisa por que a capacidade de resposta do Estado brasileiro aos problemas de segurança é tão precária. Não há dúvida que a redemocratização teve efeitos significativos sobre as polícias. Além das mudanças políticas, há outras profundas transformações na estrutura da sociedade que também têm afetado as rotinas, estratégias e objetivos do aparato de segurança pública. Se o surgimento dos regimes democráticos, a partir da segunda metade do século XX, transformou as polícias, a emergência da sociedade de risco está afetando profundamente o campo da segurança pública no início do século XXI. O maior desafio da atualidade é formular e implementar políticas públicas de segurança abrangentes que envolvam, além das polícias, atores estatais e não-estatais. O conjunto desses atores compõe redes de políticas públicas que requerem grande capacidade de governança. A configuração do campo da segurança pública brasileiro, tanto no nível estadual quanto no federal, produziu uma estrutura com baixa capacidade de governança, sendo, portanto, incapaz de dar respostas aos problemas que afligem à população. Assim, problemas como o aumento significativo nas taxas de homicídios, o crescente medo do crime e a superlotação das prisões, persistem por décadas sem que o Estado consiga dar alguma resposta efetiva.
Does the central government's intervention in the operation of failed local authorities affect the functioning of local democracy? We examined the theoretical and practical factors associated with ...the opportunities and risks inherent in an intervention policy in Israel called convened committees. We developed an index called the Effective Number of Council Parties by Seats at the Municipal Level (ENCPSML) and a number of measures that together express the degree of democratic representation, governability and voter turnout. We compare the functioning of democracy before and after the convened committees in 31 local authorities and a control group of 191 local authorities during four elections in 2003-2018. Contrary to what one might expect, convened committees did not hurt the exercise of democracy and in some cases, improved it. We discuss the practical and theoretical implications of these findings in the context of multi-level governance, local democracy, regulation and coping with local crises.
The objectives of this paper are (1) to have a detailed, practical discussion of Industry 4.0, and (2) to suggest policy implications to transition toward Industry 4.0 in Korea. Companies should ...consider Industry 4.0 very seriously as they develop their future initiatives since traditional manufacturing business models do not fit with the emerging technologies of Industry 4.0. Some issues should be addressed with care: IT security, reliability and stability needed for critical machine-to-machine communication; a need to maintain the integrity of production processes, avoid IT snags, and protect industrial knowhow; and the lack of adequate skill-sets, general reluctance to change by stakeholders, and loss of many jobs to automatic processes and IT-controlled processes. To successfully transform Korean industry toward Industry 4.0, it is necessary to (1) refine and elaborate the strategies enacted by the central government to build economic and social systems that can flexibly respond to changes, (2) establish some kind of operational system to maximize the effectiveness of initiatives and policies, (3) develop concrete and workable action plans to transition toward economic and social systems that can accommodate innovative changes, and (4) establish infrastructure to lead all initiatives.
•Refine and elaborate Industry 4.0 strategies enacted by the central government•Establish operational system to maximize the effectiveness of initiatives•Develop concrete and workable action plans for Industry 4.0•Establish infrastructure to lead all Industry 4.0 initiatives
During international crises, trust in government is expected to increase irrespective of the wisdom of the policies it pursues. This has been called a 'rally-round-the-flag' effect. This article ...examines whether the COVID-19 crisis has resulted in such a rally effect. Using multi-wave panel surveys conducted in Austria and France starting from March 2020, in the article it is examined how government trust was affected by the perceived threats to the nation's health and economy created by the pandemic as well as by the perceived appropriateness of the government's crisis response. A strong rally effect is shown in Austria, where trust was closely tied to perceived health risks, but faded away quickly over time. Perceptions of government measures mattered, too, while perceived economic threat only played a minor role. In France, in contrast, a strong partisan divide is found and no rally effect.
Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2021.1925017 .
The world is in transition, sub-national and national governments, sub-regional and regional organizations continue to position and re-position to maximize the changes and dynamics of events that ...shape global affairs. Attempts have been made to articulate these phenomena in ways that they can be identify, so that the measures at either curbing or achieving them can be evolved both in isolation and partnership at the national, regional and global levels respectively. These underscore the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) escalated to the Sustainable Developments Goals (SDGs) and the insights from the World Economic Forum (WEF) with regard to the revolution in information communications technologies.
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