To address the “chicken-and-egg” dilemma in the electric vehicle (EV) market, the government intervenes by offering EV purchase subsidy to consumers and charging station construction subsidy to ...installers. Different from previous studies, this study investigates the effects of different types of government subsidies, including only consumer subsidies, only station subsidies, and a combination of above both subsidies, on EV demand and the charging station construction scale. In addition, we model a Stackelberg game between the government and two installers (an EV manufacturer and a charging platform). This study also differs from previous works by considering two installers instead of only one. Results indicate that the station subsidy is more conducive to EV demand than the consumer subsidy in the case of insufficient charging stations. Although the combination of both subsidies demonstrates the most significant effect on the charging station construction scale among all subsidy structures, it does not lead to an optimal ratio of EVs to charging stations (E2C ratio). Whereas only the station subsidy makes E2C ratio reach the lowest. Notably, both installers benefit more from the consumer subsidy when charging stations achieve the scale effect (β ≥ 0.6), while they gain more profit from the station subsidy when charging stations are insufficient (0 < β < 0.6). Moreover, we examine the effects of equal and different amount of station subsidies given to both installers. Interestingly, providing different amounts of station subsidies to two installers results in higher EV demand and a larger scale of charging station construction than those offering equal subsidies to both. Our outcomes also show that, compared with subsidizing the manufacturer to install charging stations, more station subsidy given to the platform can arouse its greater social responsibility and increase EV demand and the charging station scale. This study not only guides enterprise managers in decisions related to charging station installation but also offers nuanced policy recommendations for the government regarding subsidy structures.
•Three different types of subsidies are considered in the model.•Two charging station installers are simultaneously considered in the model.•Subsidies combination shows most effective impact on installing charging station.•Station subsidy is more conducive to EV adoption than consumer subsidy.•Subsidizing platforms rather than manufacturers can promote stations installation.
Researchers worldwide have become increasingly interested in developing computational approaches to handle challenges facing electric vehicles (EVs) in recent years. This article examines the ...challenges and future potential of computational approaches for problems such as EV routing, EV charging scheduling (EVCS), EV charging station (CS) placement, CS sizing, and energy or load management. In addition, a summary of the fundamental mathematical models employed to solve the EV computational problems is presented. We cover recent work on computational solutions for various EV problems utilizing single and coupled mathematical models. Finally, we also examine potential research avenues that researchers could pursue to realize the objective of environment-friendly transportation and smart grids (SGs).
To enhance environmental sustainability, many countries will electrify their transportation systems in their future smart city plans, so the number of electric vehicles (EVs) running in a city will ...grow significantly. There are many ways to recharge EVs' batteries and charging stations will be considered as the main source of energy. The locations of charging stations are critical; they should not only be pervasive enough such that an EV anywhere can easily access a charging station within its driving range, but also widely spread so that EVs can cruise around the whole city upon being recharged. Based on these new perspectives, we formulate the EV charging station placement problem (EVCSPP) in this paper. We prove that the problem is nondeterministic polynomial-time hard. We also propose four solution methods to tackle EVCSPP, and evaluate their performance on various artificial and practical cases. As verified by the simulation results, the methods have their own characteristics and they are suitable for different situations depending on the requirements for solution quality, algorithmic efficiency, problem size, nature of the algorithm, and existence of system prerequisite.
•Cars and Ships are the main contributors of emissions in the transportation sector.•Electric ships are categorized into hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and all-electric types.•Lack of charging ...infrastructure is major obstacle in the vast use of electric vehicles.•The major difference between charging station for cars and ships is the power level.•Conductive, wireless, and swapping are the possible ways to charge oboard batteries.•Possible configurations of charging stations based on locality and condition of the grid.
The environmental concerns and reduction in fossil fuels have become a major concern due to which a large number of electric and hybrid vehicles are being built to minimize the contribution of greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector and to increase the efficiency of the overall vehicles. Electric vehicles (EVs) play an important role in today’s development of smarter cities and hence, there is a rapid growth of EVs all around the globe. Although they are found to be environmentally friendly and energy-efficient in comparison with internal combustion engine vehicles but lack of availability of a large number of charging stations at present time limits the use of EVs in the wider perspective. The broader use of EVs would require a huge amount of power from the existing power grids that may hit the prevailing distribution system. Further, charging such EVs equipped with huge battery packs, high power charging stations are essential to charge them at a speed comparable to the conventional oil/gas refueling system. The EVs considered in this study restricts to electric ships and electric cars being two major contributors towards greenhouse gas emissions. In order to address the aforementioned concerns, this study, therefore, presents state-of-the-art based on conventional and current technologies relating to EVs and their charging infrastructure. Further, possible configurations based on the integration of renewable energy sources and stationary energy storage systems are presented to aid the existing power grids. Lastly, challenges along with possible solutions and the future perspective are part of this study.
Charging station (CS) planning for electric vehicles (EVs) for a region has become an important concern for urban planners and the public alike to improve the adoption of EVs. Two major problems ...comprising this research area are: (i) the EV charging station placement (EVCSP) problem, and (ii) the CS need estimation problem for a region. In this work, different explainable solutions based on machine learning (ML) and simulation were investigated by incorporating quantitative and qualitative metrics. The solutions were compared with traditional approaches using a real CS area of Austin and a greenfield area of Bengaluru. For EVCSP, a different class of clustering solutions, i.e., mean-based, density-based, spectrum- or eigenvalues-based, and Gaussian distribution were evaluated. Different perspectives, such as the urban planner perspective, i.e., the clustering efficiency, and the EV owner perspective, i.e., an acceptable distance to the nearest CS, were considered. For the CS need estimation, ML solutions based on quadratic regression and simulations were evaluated. Using our CS planning methods urban planners can make better CS placement decisions and can estimate CS needs for the present and the future.
Electric vehicle (EV) charging stations will play an important role in the smart city. Uncoordinated and statistical EV charging loads would further stress the distribution system. Photovoltaic (PV) ...systems, which can reduce this stress, also show variation due to weather conditions. In this paper, a hybrid optimization algorithm for energy storage management is proposed, which shifts its mode of operation between the deterministic and rule-based approaches depending on the electricity price band allocation. The cost degradation model of the energy storage system (ESS) along with the levelized cost of PV power is used in the case of EV charging stations. The algorithm comprises of three parts: categorization of real-time electricity price in different price bands, real-time calculation of PV power from solar irradiation data, and optimization for minimizing the operating cost of EV charging station integrated with PV and ESS. An extensive simulation study is carried out with an uncoordinated and statistical EV charging model in the context of Singapore to check effectiveness of this algorithm. Furthermore, detailed analysis of subsidy and incentive to be given by the government agencies for higher penetration of renewable energy is also presented. This work would aid in planning of adoption of PV-integrated EV charging stations, which would expectedly replace traditional gas stations in future.
The transportation sector of the world is in the transformation stage, shifting from conventional fossil fuel-powered vehicles to zero or ultra-low tailpipe emission vehicles. To support this ...transformation, a proper charging station (CS) infrastructure in combination with information technology, smart distributed energy generating units, and favorable government policies are required. The motive of this paper is to address the key aspects to be taken care of while planning for the charging station infrastructure for electric vehicles. The paper also provides major indagation and developments in planning and technological aspects that are going on for the enhancement of the design and efficient management of charging station infrastructure. The paper addresses the present scenario of India related to electric vehicle charging station developments. The paper specially provides a critical review on the research and developments in the charging station infrastructure, the problems associated with it, and the efforts that are going on for its standardization to help the researchers address the problems.
The new juncture of concerns about climate change and finite energy resources has been changing products and processes toward a path of preserving the environment and energy efficiency. Electric ...mobility along with sustainable charging stations constitutes one way to reduce environmental impacts. However, the coordination of energy resources triggers several challenges that require proper energy management strategies. This work proposes an optimization model to minimize the operational costs of a sustainable charging station (CS) under different charging types for an electric bus, as part of an electric mobility living lab in the public transport system of the University of Campinas (Unicamp, Brazil). The problem is solved using a dynamic approach based on a rolling horizon method that uses as input real data obtained from installed photovoltaic panels and from the operation of an electric bus circulating at Unicamp facilities. The results show that the charging schedule defined by the optimization model is cost effective, reducing the monthly cost by 52% when compared with the actual charging schedule carried out on campus. Furthermore, the inclusion of photovoltaic panels results in a significant reduction in operational costs, which can be enhanced by the inclusion of a battery energy storage system. The results also demonstrate that the operational costs of the CS are not only linked to technical issues, but also to regulatory issues. Then, the proposed optimization model is a flexible tool that allows for the analysis of different charging schedules and the operation of a fleet of electric buses via sustainable charging stations.
•An optimization model for the operation of sustainable charging stations in a university campus.•A dynamic charging schedule of a fleet of E-buses within different charging types.•Uncertainties of photovoltaic generation and arrival time of E-Buses are considered.•Results are obtained using real data from a living lab at a university campus.•The proposed model provides cost optimal solutions and can be used for different studies.
Intra-city Public Charging Stations (PCSs) play a crucial role in promoting the mass deployment of Electric Vehicles (EVs). To motivate the investment on PCSs, this work proposes a novel framework to ...find the optimal location and size of PCSs, which can maximize the benefit of the investment. The impacts of charging behaviors and urban land uses on the income of PCSs are taken into account. An agent-based trip chain model is used to represent the travel and charging patterns of EV owners. A cell-based geographic partition method based on Geographic Information System is employed to reflect the influence of land use on the dynamic and stochastic nature of EV charging behaviors. Based on the distributed charging demand, the optimal location and size of PCSs are determined by mixed-integer linear programming. Västerås, a Swedish city, is used as a case study to demonstrate the model's effectiveness. It is found that the charging demand served by a PCS is critical to its profitability, which is greatly affected by the charging behavior of drivers, the location and the service range of PCS. Moreover, charging price is another significant factor impacting profitability, and consequently the competitiveness of slow and fast PCSs.
•Stochastic and dynamic EV charging demand is modelled based on human travel pattern.•Heterogeneous temporal and spatial EV charging demands is distributed in urban area.•A cell-based geographic partition method is proposed for charging station planning.•Impacts of service range, economic parameters and charging strategies are considered.
This article deals with the multimode operation of a photovoltaic (PV) array, a battery, the grid and the diesel generator (DG) set-based charging station (CS) for providing the continuous charging ...and uninterruptible supply to the household loads. In this CS, a single voltage source converter operates the CS in an islanded mode, the grid connected mode and the DG set connected mode (DGM) and performs various tasks, such as power management among different energy sources and charging the electric vehicles (EVs), extraction of maximum power from the PV array, the regulation of voltage and frequency of the generator, harmonics current compensation of nonlinear loads and intentional reactive power compensation. The control of charging station (CS) is designed such that it primarily takes power from the PV array and a storage battery. In the absence of these two sources, the charging station takes power from the grid, and at last, it utilizes a squirrel cage induction generator-based DG set. However, the DG set is operated such that it generates up to 33% more power than its rated capacity without exceeding the rated current in windings, therefore, the size of the DG is reduced. Moreover, the voltage and frequency of the generator are regulated at its rated values without a mechanical speed governor. In all operating modes, the CS complies with the IEEE 1547 standard and the total harmonic distortion of voltage and current, is achieved less than 5%.
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