Examines social interaction in second language voice-based chat rooms
How do speakers of English as an additional language manage their talk and interaction in chat rooms?
Christopher Jenks ...thoroughly analyses the interactional effects of technology, and explores in detail the social and linguistic implications of communicating in second language chat rooms. Providing a unique look at how second language talk is organized in an online setting, this book is essential reading for postgraduate students and scholars in computer-mediated communications, social interactions, TESOL and applied linguistics. It focuses on voice-based chat rooms instead of text-based ones, adding to and enriching the existing body of research on second language textbooks within computer-mediated communication studies. It contains multiple transcripts and figures to illustrate the discussion
This book offers a comprehensive scholarly overview of Reddit, one of the most popular and least studied social platforms of the early 21st century.
The book inspires new ways of thinking about ...Reddit, considering it from multiple perspectives: through a historical lens, as a site where identity is forged, as a democracy, as a community, and as a news aggregator and distributor. By bringing theories from computer-mediated communication, communication studies, and sociology to bear on original, large-scale observational analyses of Reddit's communities, this book provides a uniquely comprehensive overview of the platform's first 15 years. Understanding Reddit will help us make sense of how rapidly growing communities function in an era of mass online anonymity.
Serving both as a primer on how social behavior on Reddit plays out, and as a way of locating it within multiple theoretical traditions, the book will offer important insights to scholars and students in the disciplines of communication, media studies, information science, internet and emerging media studies, and sociology.
Online comment can be informative or misleading, entertaining or maddening. Haters and manipulators often seem to monopolize the conversation. Some comments are off-topic, or even topic-less. In this ...book, Joseph Reagle urges us to read the comments. Conversations "on the bottom half of the Internet," he argues, can tell us much about human nature and social behavior. Reagle visits communities of Amazon reviewers, fan fiction authors, online learners, scammers, freethinkers and mean kids. He shows how comment can inform us (through reviews), improve us (through feedback), manipulate us (through fakery), alienate us (through hate), shape us (through social comparison) and perplex us. He finds pre-Internet historical antecedents of online comment in Michelin stars, professional criticism and the wisdom of crowds. He discusses the techniques of online fakery (distinguishing makers, fakers, and takers), describes the emotional work of receiving and giving feedback, and examines the culture of trolls and haters, bullying and misogyny. He considers the way comment — a nonstop stream of social quantification and ranking — affects our self-esteem and well-being. And he examines how comment is puzzling — short and asynchronous, these messages can be slap-dash, confusing, amusing, revealing and weird, shedding context in their passage through the Internet, prompting readers to comment in turn, "WTF?!?"
The New International Library of Group Analysis
Drawing on the seminal ideas of British, European, and American group analysts, psychoanalysts, social psychologists, and social scientists, the books ...in this series focus on the study of small and large groups, organisations, and other social systems, and on the study of the transpersonal and transgenerational sociality of human nature. NILGA books will be required reading for the members of professional organisations in the fields of group analysis, psychoanalysis, and related social sciences. They will be indispensable for the “formation” of students of psychotherapy, whether they are mainly interested in clinical work with patients or in consultancy to teams and organisational clients within the private and public sectors.
El docente de educación virtual Maraver-López, Pablo
Comunicar (Huelva, Spain),
01/2014, Letnik:
21, Številka:
42
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Para poder llevar a cabo una experiencia de educación virtual de calidad resulta de gran utilidad una guía básica que nos ilumine el sendero a seguir. La obra de Laura Alonso y Florentino Blázquez ...pretende orientar al profesorado en esta línea, presentando los ingredientes principales y necesarios para poder desarrollar una adecuada experiencia virtual de aprendizaje. Fruto de sus experiencias docentes y de la continua y profunda investigación que realizan sobre esta nueva realidad tecnológica, en este libro presentan una serie de tareas, competencias y modos de actuar del docente, que nos invita a reflexionar y a descubrir si la educación virtual puede mejorar respecto a la forma en la que enseñamos y al modo en que aprende el alumnado. Los cinco capítulos siguientes abordan una serie de elementos fundamentales a tener en cuenta al diseñar cualquier actividad formativa virtual como son: el contenido de aprendizaje en la virtualidad, tratado en el capítulo cuarto; las diversas actividades que se pueden realizar en un entorno virtual como el portafolios, el glosario, la base de datos, las webquest, los mapas conceptuales, el estudio de casos...que se abordan en el capítulo quinto; los procesos de interacción entre docente y estudiante a través del uso pedagógico de las herramientas de comunicación como son el chat, el foro, las videoconferencias y el correo electrónico sobre las que se profundiza en el capítulo sexto; el aprendizaje colaborativo en red a través del uso de la herramienta wiki y desde la perspectiva del aprendizaje basado en problemas, en el capítulo séptimo; y la evaluación de la adquisición de los aprendizajes por parte del alumnado en la formación virtual, capítulo que pone fin a esta guía. Es un libro para aprender a aprender que nos aporta numerosas claves para conseguir el éxito en la formación virtual; solo tenemos que seguir los pasos que nos proporcionan sus autores.
Das Dortmunder Chat-Korpus Beißwenger, Michael
Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik,
04/2013, Letnik:
41, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Gegenüber der HTML-Version ermöglichen es die Annotationen der XML- Version, das Korpus automatisch nach Vorkommen bestimmter Suchausdrücke und/oder netztypischer Stilmerkmale zu durchsuchen und sich ...entsprechende Trefferlisten dazu erzeugen zu lassen. Zu diesem Zweck wird zusammen mit der XML-Version das Java-basierte Suchwerkzeug STACCADo angeboten. Für vergleichende quantitative Analysen zur sprachlichen Variation in Abhängigkeit von unterschiedlichen Handlungsbereichen stehen auf der Website mit den BalaCK-Korpora ("Balanced Chat-Korpora") vier Teilkompilationen des Korpus zur Verfügung, die jeweils gleich große Ausschnitte aus den vier Teil- bereichen Freizeit, Bildung, Beratung, Medien enthalten und somit als ausgewo- gen nach Handlungshereichen/Nutzungskontexten der Chat-Technologie gelten können (Tabelle 2).
Since its debut in 2011, cell-free fetal DNA screening has undergone rapid expansion with respect to both utilization and coverage. However, conclusive data regarding the clinical validity and ...utility of this screening tool, both for the originally included common autosomal and sex-chromosomal aneuploidies as well as the more recently added chromosomal microdeletion syndromes, have lagged behind. Thus, there is a continued need to educate clinicians and patients about the current benefits and limitations of this screening tool to inform pre- and posttest counseling, pre/perinatal decision making, and medical risk assessment/management.
The objective of this study was to determine the positive predictive value and false-positive rates for different chromosomal abnormalities identified by cell-free fetal DNA screening using a large data set of diagnostic testing results on invasive samples submitted to the laboratory for confirmatory studies.
We tested 712 patient samples sent to our laboratory to confirm a cell-free fetal DNA screening result, indicating high risk for a chromosome abnormality. We compiled data from all cases in which the indication for confirmatory testing was a positive cell-free fetal DNA screen, including the common trisomies, sex chromosomal aneuploidies, microdeletion syndromes, and other large genome-wide copy number abnormalities. Testing modalities included fluorescence in situ hybridization, G-banded karyotype, and/or chromosomal microarray analysis performed on chorionic villus samples, amniotic fluid, or postnatally obtained blood samples. Positive predictive values and false-positive rates were calculated from tabulated data.
The positive predictive values for trisomy 13, 18, and 21 were consistent with previous reports at 45%, 76%, and 84%, respectively. For the microdeletion syndrome regions, positive predictive values ranged from 0% for detection of Cri-du-Chat syndrome and Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome to 14% for 1p36 deletion syndrome and 21% for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Detection of sex chromosomal aneuploidies had positive predictive values of 26% for monosomy X, 50% for 47,XXX, and 86% for 47,XXY.
The positive predictive values for detection of common autosomal and sex chromosomal aneuploidies by cell-free fetal DNA screening were comparable with other studies. Identification of microdeletions was associated with lower positive predictive values and higher false-positive rates, likely because of the low prevalence of the individual targeted microdeletion syndromes in the general population. Although the obtained positive predictive values compare favorably with those seen in traditional screening approaches for common aneuploidies, they highlight the importance of educating clinicians and patients on the limitations of cell-free fetal DNA screening tests. Improvement of the cell-free fetal DNA screening technology and continued monitoring of its performance after introduction into clinical practice will be important to fully establish its clinical utility. Nonetheless, our data provide valuable information that may aid result interpretation, patient counseling, and clinical decision making/management.
Display omitted
•Organic acids highlight biochemical alterations caused by Cri Du Chat syndrome.•Metabolites analyzed by GC–MS shows high intensities and good reproducibility.•Metabolomics approach ...points out changes in the urinary organic acid levels.•Altered metabolic pathways indicate neuropsychiatric condition due to the syndrome.
Cri Du Chat (CDC) syndrome is a rare genetic condition caused by the deletion of genetic material on the small arm (the p arm) of chromosome 5. A high-pitched cry that sounds like that of a cat, dysmorphic characteristics, and cytogenetic methods are often used for diagnosing the syndrome. In this study, we applied GC–MS analysis for determining organic acids in urine from 17 control volunteers without CDC syndrome, and from 16 individuals with the CDC syndrome in order to determine the profile of organic acids and biochemical pathways alterations resulting from this genetic condition. First, performing multivariate data analysis selected the best method for extracting organic acids with greater signal intensities and good reproducibility. After selection, multivariate (PLS-DA) and univariate (Mann-Whitney test) data analysis discriminated the metabolites responsible for separation between groups. Nine organic acid metabolites had values of VIP ≥ 1.0 and p-values ≤ 0.05, with highest intensities in the samples from CDC individuals, indicating the strongest discriminative power (tricarballylic acid, indoleacetic acid, anthranilic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxyhippuric acid, pantothenic acid, homovanillic acid, and vanillylmandelic acid). These metabolites are involved in several biochemical pathways like in the tyrosine and phenylalanine metabolism, as well as the tryptophan metabolism, which could be associated (i) to some neuropsychiatric alterations commonly observed in CDC individuals, (ii) to exogenous compounds related to transformation products by intestinal microbial, and (iii) to a possible deficiency in enzyme activity due to the syndrome.
A critical determinant of message interactivity is the presence of contingency, that is, the messages we receive are contingent upon the messages we send, leading to a threaded loop of interdependent ...messages. While this “conversational ideal” is easily achieved in face-to-face and computer-mediated communications (CMC), imbuing contingency in human-computer interaction (HCI) is a challenge. We propose two interface features—interaction history and synchronous chat—for increasing perceptions of contingency, and therefore user engagement. We test it with a five-condition, between-participants experiment (N = 110) on a movie search site. Data suggest that interaction history can indeed heighten perceptions of contingency and dialogue, but is perceived as less interactive than chatting. However, the chat function does not appreciably increase perceived contingency or user engagement, both of which are shown to mediate the effects of message interactivity on attitudes toward the site. Theoretical implications for interactivity research and practical implications for interaction design are discussed.
Background
Cholinergic neurons have been identified with the acetylcholine synthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). However, ChAT is difficult to localize in newly differentiated peripheral ...neurons making the study of cholinergic neuronal development problematic. Consequently, researchers have used mouse reporter lines to indicate the presence of ChAT.
Methods
Our objective was to determine which ChAT reporter line was the most sensitive indicator of ChAT expression. We utilized two different fluorescent ChAT reporter lines (ChAT‐GFP and ChAT‐Cre;R26R:floxSTOP:tdTomato) together with immunolocalization of ChAT protein (ChAT‐IR) to characterize the spatial and temporal expression of ChAT in myenteric neurons throughout enteric nervous system (ENS) development.
Key Results
ChAT‐IR cells were first seen in the intestine at E10.5, even within the migration wavefront of neural precursors. Myenteric neurons within the distal small intestine (dSI) and proximal colon were first labeled by ChAT‐IR, then ChAT‐GFP, and finally ChAT‐Cre tdTomato. The percentage of ChAT‐IR neurons is equivalent to adult levels in the dSI by E13.5 and proximal colon by P0. After these stages, the percentages remained relatively constant throughout development despite dramatic changes in neuronal density.
Conclusions & Inferences
These observations indicate that neurotransmitter expression occurs early and there is only a brief gap between neurogenesis and neurotransmitter expression. Our finding that the proportion of ChAT myenteric neurons reached adult levels during embryonic development suggests that the fate of cholinergic neurons is tightly regulated and that their differentiation might influence further neuronal development. ChAT‐GFP is a more accurate indicator of early ENS cholinergic neuronal differentiation than the ChAT‐Cre;R26R:floxSTOP:tdTomato reporter mouse.
In the developing enteric nervous system, our observations indicate that neurotransmitter expression occurs early and there is only a brief gap between neurogenesis and neurotransmitter expression. The proportion of ChAT myenteric neurons reaches adult levels during embryonic development, suggesting that the fate of cholinergic neurons is tightly regulated and that their differentiation might influence further neuronal development. ChAT‐GFP is a more accurate indicator of early ENS cholinergic neuronal differentiation than the ChAT‐Cre;R26R:floxSTOP:tdTomato reporter mouse.
PDF
