The effect of chemical processing, such as acid and alkaline pretreatments, on the phenolic profile, lipid components, and hydrosoluble protein content (HPC) in wheat bran (WB) was investigated. ...After acid pretreatment, the results provided an increase of over twofold in total reducing sugar (TRS). The sugars that have been identified are maltose, glucose, and fructose. After acid pretreatment, the total phenolic content increased by 41.95% compared with the untreated sample. Antioxidant potential, as assessed by the DPPH assay, significantly increased from 95.08 ± 1.13 μM TE/g DW in the untreated sample to 575.83 ± 2.41 μM TE/g DW following acid pretreatment. In the alkaline-treated sample, the total HPC increased to 16.58 ± 0.38 mg/100 g DW from 4.01 ± 0.17 mg/100 g DW. The fatty acid profile confirmed the presence of oleic acid (C18:1, n-9), linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6), and palmitic acid (16:0) as major components in analyzed samples. Chemical pretreatments significantly influenced all 13 identified phenolic compounds in WB, including avenanthramides, cinnamic acids (e.g., p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, synaptic acid), and benzoic acids (e.g., vanillic acid). The study provides valuable insights into the development of sustainable approaches for using cereal bran to produce bioactive compounds with potential health benefits.
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•Acid and alkaline pretreatments influenced the bioactive composition of wheat bran.•The antioxidant activity increased after applied pretreatments.•Hydroxybenzoic acids were the principal phenolic compounds identified.•The organic acids detected were acetic and lactic acids.•Applied pretreatments statistically significantly improved the PUFA/SFA ratio.
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•Mn is effective to promote Fe-catalyst for CNTs production.•An optimal content of Mn is required for CNTs formation.•Fe-metal and Al2O3 support interactions can be promoted by Mn ...addition.•Formation of intermediate carbides can be promoted with Mn addition.
Thermo-chemical conversion is a promising technology for the recycle of waste plastics, as it can produce high-value products such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and hydrogen. However, the low yield of CNTs is one of the challenges. In this work, the addition of Mn (0 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 5 wt.%, and 10 wt.%) to Fe-based catalyst to improve the production of CNTs has been investigated. Results show that the increase of Mn content from 0 wt.% to 10 wt.% significantly promotes CNTs yield formed on the catalyst from 23.4 wt.% to 32.9 wt.%. The results show that Fe-particles in the fresh catalysts are between 10−25 nm. And the addition of Mn in the Fe-based catalyst enhanced the metal-support interactions and the dispersion of metal particles, thus leading to the improved catalytic performance in relation to filamentous carbon growth. In addition, the graphitization of CNTs is promoted with the increase of Mn content. Overall, in terms of the quantity and quality of the produced CNTs, 5 wt.% of Mn in Fe-based catalyst shows the best catalytic performance, due to the further increase of Mn content from 5 wt.% to 10 wt.% led to a dramatic decrease of purity by 10 wt.%.
Owing to the ubiquitous existence of detrimental heavy metals in the environment, simple adsorption-oriented approaches are becoming increasingly appealing for the effective removal of Pb2+ and Cr3+ ...from water bodies. These techniques use nanocomposites (NC) of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Mn3O4 (rGO-Mn3O4), they employ a hydrothermal technique featuring NaBH4 and NaOH solutions. Here, spectroscopic and microscopic instrumental techniques were used to evaluate the morphological and physicochemical characteristics of prepared reduced graphene oxide manganese oxide (rGO-Mn3O4), revealing that it possessed a well-defined porous structure with a specific surface area of 126 m2 g−1. The prepared rGO-Mn3O4 had significant adsorption efficiencies for Pb2+ and Cr3+, achieving maximum sequestration capacities of 130.28 and 138.51 mg g−1 for Pb2+ and Cr3+, respectively, according to the Langmuir model. These adsorption capacities are comparable to or greater than those of previously reported graphene-based materials. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order models adequately represented the experimental results. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that adsorption occurred through spontaneous endothermic reactions. Recycling studies showed that the developed r-GO-Mn3O4 had excellent recyclability, with <70% removal at the 5th cycle; its feasibility was evaluated using industrial wastewater, suggesting that Pb2+ was selectively removed from Pb2+ and Cr3+ contaminated water. The instrumental analysis and surface phenomena studies presented here revealed that the adsorptive removal processes of both heavy metals involved π electron donor-acceptor interactions, ion exchange, and electrostatic interactions, along with surface complexation. Overall, the developed rGO-Mn3O4 has the potential to be a high-value adsorbent for removing heavy metals.
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•A simple hydrothermal reduction was used to synthesis rGO-Mn3O4, then characterized.•Effects of coexisting ions and selectivity on Pb2+ and Cr3+ removal were studied.•Adsorption mechanisms of Pb2+ and Cr3+ on rGO-Mn3O4 were elucidated.•Feasible applicability of rGO-Mn3O4 was revealed by treating waste water.•Stability and re-usability of rGO-Mn3O4 were extensively established.
•The manuscript gives a comprehensive review on the technology for direct conversion of crude oil to chemicals.•DPC (Direct Petroleum Cut to Chemicals & Material) base catalysis technology is ...especially suitable for naphthenic base or intermediate base of all kinds of crude oil and residue.•DPC technology can effectively reduce CO2 emissions through inhibiting coke formation.•The inferior heavy crude oil and vacuum residue can be deeply refined without hydrogen by using DPC technology, further contributing to reduce CO2 emissions.
The transformation of oil refining into chemical processing is an obvious trend for oil industry, which can efficiently process and utilize oils to reduce carbon emission and is an interesting topic in green chemistry and technology. The technology for direct conversion of crude oil to chemicals (COTC) is the key to achieve this transformation. In this paper, according to the core principles and main characteristics of various existing and developing COTC technologies, they are classified into catalytic and non-catalytic technologies, and the catalytic technologies are further divided into traditional catalytic technology (e.g. acidic catalytic technology) and innovative catalytic technology (e.g. basic catalytic technology). This paper reviews the development status, core principles and main characteristics of various COTC technologies, and focuses on the industrial application of CNOOC DPC (Direct Petroleum Cut to Chemicals & Material) technology and the original COTC technology centered on base catalysis technology. Industrial test data show that DPC base catalysis technology is especially suitable for naphthenic base or intermediate base of all kinds of crude oil and residue. Moreover, the feedstock adaptability is very strong, and the reaction mechanism is unique without hydrogen transfer and aromatic condensation reaction, leading to a much lower coke yield and much higher yield of light olefins and aromatic chemicals. In addition, DPC technology can effectively reduce CO2 emissions through inhibiting coke formation. Besides, the inferior heavy crude oil and vacuum residue can be deeply refined without hydrogen by using DPC technology, further contributing to reduce CO2 emissions. DPC's core catalytic technology is thus the preferred technology for petroleum refining companies to reduce fuel and increase chemicals production, and transform petroleum refining into chemical processing.
•Perceptions of process traditional-ness influence perceived naturalness of food.•Processes perceived as traditional result in foods with greater perceived naturalness.•Organic production has a ...greater effect when food is produced at a small-scale.•Produce type and production scale influence perceived naturalness separately.
Food processing influences perceptions of its naturalness. However, previously advanced theses on the effect of processing do not adequately explain consumers’ perceptions e.g., for irradiated food. Further, while production type (organic versus conventional production), and scale (large versus small scale) also influence this attribute, it is not clear whether their effects of are additive or whether an interaction can be expected. This work examined these questions in two studies. The results suggest first that product naturalness depends more on whether the processing technique is deemed traditional (old) or new, and not on whether processing produced chemical or physical transformations. Second, produce type and production scale have largely additive effects and consumers do not necessarily conflate these two attributes. The results also showed that organic production had a greater effect on perceived naturalness when food was produced at a small-scale than at large scale. The implications of these findings and ways through which they can help to address perceived naturalness of industrially processed foods are discussed.
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•Magnetic mesoporous material Fe2O3/C were synthesized by pyrolysis of MIL-101(Fe).•Catalysts (Bu4N)3PWxMo4-x@Fe2O3/C were prepared through facile impregnation method.•The ...(Bu4N)3PW4@Fe2O3/C displays remarkable catalytic activity and good reusability.•Based on GC–MS and ESR results, the possible reaction mechanism was proposed.
Magnetic hybrid material dropped Fe2O3 particles in mesoporous carbon was prepared by pyrolysis of MIL-101(Fe) in the presence of nitrogen flow. Then, high activity peroxo-polyoxometallates (Bu4N)3PWxMo4-x (x = 0, 2, 4) were encapsulated into the magnetic porous carbon material Fe2O3/C through facile impregnation method to prepare magnetic supported catalysts (Bu4N)3PWxMo4-x@Fe2O3/C. The catalysts were characterized by several means and applied for extraction oxidation desulfurization (EODS) of model fuel. One synthesized catalyst, (Bu4N)3PW4@Fe2O3/C, exhibited nearly perfect catalytic activity, which could remove 99.9 % DBT in simulated fuel within 30 min at mild conditions, and it also showed good activity for other substrate sulfides including BT, 4-MDBT and 4,6-DMDBT. Furthermore, the catalyst (Bu4N)3PW4@Fe2O3/C has stable structure and good reusability, which shown removal efficiency of DBT of>90 % up to 8 cycles.
•ATR-FTIR ratios from well- and poorly-preserved bioapatite are compared.•Minimal differences are observed in ratios from deer and humans.•Raw and chemically processed sample ratios differ and ...require separate application.•Raw sample IRSF and processed sample C/P most accurately identify poor preservation.•A tissue-specific preservation index is established to identify altered bioapatite.
Chemical and structural analysis of archaeological bioapatite requires well-preserved unaltered mineral. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) is rapidly becoming a valuable technique to pre-screen bioapatite alteration as it is relatively fast and minimally destructive (<1 mg powdered material). We present robust ATR-FTIR data of modern and archaeological bone, dentin, and enamel to establish a tissue-specific preservation index. Specifically, this study adds (1) dentin and enamel data that is currently lacking in the literature; (2) examines differences between modern, well-preserved archaeological, and poorly-preserved archaeological materials; (3) examines inter-species differences; (4) compares raw and chemically processed samples; and (5) establishes an index of ATR-FTIR peak height ratios (C/P, IRSF, C/C, BPI, API) beyond which bioapatite is likely altered. Results show minimal differences between deer and human remains, suggesting that either species can be used as a quick pre-screen of general site quality assuming minimal difference in intra-site diagenetic factors. Raw and processed samples must be considered separately as removal of secondary carbonates and organics changes the crystallinity. The C/P ratio emerged as the most distinctive between well- and poorly-preserved samples after processing. If analysis of raw samples is preferred to conserve sample material, time, and resources, the IRSF of raw samples is the best value to eliminate poorly-preserved bioapatite. However, using the IRSF of raw samples will also eliminate some well-preserved bioapatite from further consideration. Finally, we combine our results with previously reported literature values to provide a distinct range of ATR-FTIR ratio values, which we term a preservation index, to distinguish between well- and poorly-preserved archaeological samples.
Soybeans are an essential source of low cost protein. They are widely consumed due to their functionality and nutritive value. Recently, the consumption of soybeans has been increasing due to its ...beneficial effects on human health such as prevention and treatment of various chronic illnesses which include cardiovascular diseases and various forms of cancer.
However, they contain a variety of bioactive anti-nutritional compounds including protease trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid and isoflavones that exhibit undesirable physiological effects and impede their nutritional quality. Inactivation of these trypsin inhibitors, along with deleterious enzymes, microbes, bioactive components and increasing the protein quality by improving its texture, colour, flavour, functionality and digestibility are the most important factors to be considered in crucial stage in manufacturing of soy products.
This review discusses the principal methods (physical and chemical) adopted by food researchers and industrialists to improve the nutritional and functional properties of soybeans and to eliminate the trypsin inhibitors present in them. Discussions also includes the innovative ways of using molecular modelling simulations for studying proteins and enzymes.
•The physical and chemical methods for inactivation of soybean trypsin inhibitor.•Novel treatments used by the food researchers and industrialist.•Increase and improve the nutritional and functional properties of soybean.•Use of molecular modelling techniques to visualize the structural changes in protein during processing.
Urban soils and streams contaminated with heavy metals have grown ubiquitous around the world throughout the industrialization age, severely reducing the quality and diversity of life. Industrial ...waste, such as chemical-releasing factories, is one of the primary anthropogenic sources of heavy metal contamination in soil and water bodies. To analyze the impact of industries to heavy metal contamination, the study assessed the soil quality along the heavy metals polluted river Ng'ombe near the battery recycling plant in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania's commercial city. The research looked at three heavy metals (Cu, Pb, and Zn) in a total of eight samples. Soils were found contaminated with both metals i.e., Copper, Lead, and Zinc at 4.68, 4.08 mg/L and, 5.79, respectively. Based on the soil samples taken surrounding the industry, it is possible to establish that the industry contributes significantly to the contamination in the soil and river Ng'ombe stream. Pb contamination was found to be fairly equally distributed across the area (2 to 6 mg/kg), as opposed to Zn (0.8 to 17 mg/kg) and Cu (0.04 to 19 mg/kg), which were shown to vary greatly on soil samples obtained around the area. Different pollution indices including geo-accumulation index, Potential contamination index, Contamination factor, Pollution load index and Modified degree of contamination were also used to investigate the impact of soil contamination, and all of them revealed that industrial discharges were an influence. However; study found the levels to be in permissible limit, but still, it exposes the community to cumulative consequences of metals bioaccumulation.
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