Temperate fruit flies in the genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) have narrow host ranges relative to those of tropical fruit flies, suggesting they will not attack or are incapable of developing ...in most novel fruit. We tested the hypothesis that apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), and western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, whose normal hosts belong to the Rosaceae, will not attack or develop in mango (Mangifera indica L.; Anacardiaceae) and other non-rosaceous tropical fruit. Of fruits hung in infested apple trees, at least 49% of apples (n = 77) produced R. pomonella puparia, whereas only 1% of mangoes (n = 291) and 0% of papayas (Carica papaya L.; Caricaceae) and 8 other tropical fruit produced puparia. In laboratory tests in 1.9 L containers, 33% of apples (n = 131), 7% of mangoes (n = 118), and 7% of papayas (n = 14) produced R. pomonella puparia; adult flies also eclosed from puparia from mango and papaya. Females of R. pomonella landed approximately 4 to 9 times more often on apple than mango. When exposed to R. indifferens in laboratory tests in 1.9 L containers, 6% of mangoes (n = 32) and 0% of papayas (n = 23) versus 33 to 73% of sweet cherry, plum, and nectarine, and 0% of peach (all Prunus species; Rosaceae) produced puparia; no eggs were detected in mango and papaya. Contrary to our hypothesis, larvae of R. pomonella and R. indifferens were capable of developing in some tropical fruit under laboratory conditions. How findings here relate to fly quarantines versus basic fly biology is unknown and needs further study.
Last-instar larvae of the western cherry fruit fly,
Rhagoletis indifferens, were subjected to
Beauveria bassiana GHA incorporated into sterile sand and non-sterile orchard soil. Mycosis in the pupal ...stage was observed in >20% of buried
R. indifferens pupae and >80% of larvae entering sand treated with either of two
B. bassiana isolates. When pre-pupal larvae burrowed into conidium-treated non-sterile cherry orchard soil, the incidence of mycosis, on both the puparia and internally developing pupae, increased with dose. Internal pupal tissues were found to contain
B. bassiana. Increasing the soil moisture level from 20% to 35% water holding capacity did not have an effect on the percentage of mycosed pupae. This is the first evidence that the preimaginal stages of
R. indifferens are susceptible to infection by
B. bassiana.
Kaolin‐ and limestone‐based products were compared for their effects on two behavioural responses, landing and oviposition, to sweet cherry by Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Dipt., Tephritidae). ...Surround (95% calcined kaolin), Cocoon (100% hydrous kaolin), Eclipse (>97% limestone) and Purshade (62.5% limestone) were studied. Overall, in choice and no‐choice tests, Surround reduced landing and oviposition more than Cocoon, Eclipse and Purshade. However, all products significantly reduced landing and oviposition compared with untreated controls. In choice tests, high fly density increased the proportion of eggs laid in cherries treated with Surround, Cocoon, or Eclipse vs. cherries that were untreated when compared with low fly density. Applications of 3% followed by 6% Surround reduced landings and oviposition more than two applications of 10% Cocoon, Eclipse, or Purshade. Surround caused higher mortality than Cocoon and Eclipse. In the field, Surround reduced production of puparia from cherries by 32.3% to 100%, depending on the trees sprayed. Surround provided the best protection for cherries against R. indifferens, but limestone‐based products potentially might be modified to be oviposition deterrents. Consideration should be given to fly densities when using particle films to protect fruit.
Sticky rectangle traps of various yellow colours and fluorescence made of cardboard were field tested against western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, in paired trap preference ...experiments in Washington state. In a first experiment that involved comparisons of Alpha Scents (proprietary paint), Fluorescent Yellow (aerosol paint), Saffron Thread and Neon Light (semi‐gloss enamel paints) traps at two sites, the best performing trap was the Saffron Thread trap. In a second experiment comparing Citrus Splash (semi‐gloss enamel paint) with Alpha Scents and with Macaw and Lemon Zest (both semi‐gloss enamel paints) traps at a third site, the Citrus Splash trap outperformed the Alpha Scents trap. The Citrus Splash trap did not differ statistically from Saffron Thread and Lemon Zest traps, even though it caught 51% more flies than the Lemon Zest trap. The Alpha Scents trap caught significantly more non‐target Diptera than Fluorescent Yellow, Neon Light and Citrus Splash traps at two of three trap sites where non‐target Diptera populations were relatively high and overall it appeared less selective than the Citrus Splash trap. Results suggest that sticky rectangle traps painted semi‐gloss enamel Saffron Thread or Citrus Splash with low fluorescence could be highly useful for detecting R. indifferens.
The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the key pest of sweet and sour cherries in many European countries and west Asia. It is a univoltine species of the ...west Palaearctic zone that undergoes obligatory pupal diapause. In this study, the development of R. cerasi pupae that were brought to an optimum temperature for postdiapause development following a long chilling period is described. The six most representative developmental stages within the puparium are illustrated, and the developmental progression among the stages after the end of the chilling period is quantified. Within 20 d postchilling, there was a gradual progress from stage I to pharate adult. However, ∼30% of the pupae remained at the transitional stage II, after 20 d at 25°C (optimum temperature for development). This suggests that a proportion of pupae remain at an intermediate developmental stage for an extended period of time that goes beyond 20 d postchilling. The pupal stage II might be related to diapause termination and responsiveness to environmental cues. It may also define the time before developmental progress to pharate adult. This finding agrees with previous studies proposing that a number of R. cerasi pupae undergo prolonged diapause, though the morphological characteristics of these pupae have never been described before.
The influence of media type and moisture on adult development and pupal mortality in western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera:Tephritidae), was assessed using the pupal-adult ...and the larval-pupal stage. Inside containers, a higher percent of flies that emerged from dry loam was deformed (44.2%, 1-cm-depth loam; 84.4%, 5-cm-depth loam) than flies from 16% moist loam and dry and 16% moist lab soil (peat moss-sand mix) (0–14.9%). Percent of flies deformed from dry sand (22.1%, 1-cm depth; 49.5%, 5-cm depth) was greater than from 16% moist sand and dry and 16% moist peat moss (0–10.5%). Percents of flies deformed from 8% moist loam, lab soil, sand, and peat moss (0–5.8%) did not differ. Pupae suffered higher mortality at 7 and 14 d after larvae were dropped onto dry loam and dry sand (68.2–94.0%) than dry lab soil and dry peat moss (3.0–53.0%); respective mortalities at 21 and 28 d were similar (81.3–96.0 versus 64.7–97.9%). Pupal mortality in moist media was lower (0.5–40.3%) than in dry media. In outdoor tests, pupal mortality was also higher in dry loam than other dry media. In nature, 60.9% of pupae in dry sandy loams in late summer were dead. Results suggest R. indifferens has not yet evolved to fully cope with dry soils and that pupation in media with traits similar to those of peat moss or a peat moss-sand mix could reduce negative effects of dry environments on fly survival.
Sticky yellow rectangle traps have been used for many years to capture Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) fruit flies. Traditional sticky yellow traps are coated with a sticky gel (SG) that can leave ...residues on the hands of users. An alternative to SG on traps are hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives (HMPSAs), which are less messy. The main objective here was to evaluate two rectangle traps of two yellow colors, the Alpha Scents Yellow Card coated with HMPSA (Alpha Scents, West Linn, OR), and the Pherocon AM trap coated with SG (Pherocon; Trécé, Adair, OK), for capturing western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran. Flies captured on both traps and held in the laboratory and field did not escape their surfaces. Flies caught on HMPSA were damaged when removed from traps without citrus solvent, whereas flies caught on SG could be removed intact without solvent. In field tests, Alpha Scents traps baited with an ammonium bicarbonate lure captured 1.4–2.2 times more R. indifferent than Pherocon traps baited with the same lure. Results of an experiment that eliminated differences in surface sticky material type, overall size, and surface sticky area between Alpha Scents and Pherocon traps suggested, although did not show conclusively, that more flies were caught on the Alpha Scents than Pherocon traps because of their different yellow color and/or lower fluorescence and not the HMPSA. Overall, the Alpha Scents trap is a viable alternative to the Pherocon trap for detecting R. indifferens.
Tests were conducted to determine the potential for high hydrostatic pressure (HPP) to control codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran. Apples ...(Malus spp.) with codling moth larvae or eggs were treated at 24 and 72 h, respectively, after infestation at a series of pressures between 14,000 and 26,000 pounds per inch2 (psi). Survivorship was determined the next day for larvae and after 10 d for eggs. Codling moth eggs were more tolerant of HPP treatment than larvae. Mortality of larvae was 97% at 22,000 psi, whereas mortality of eggs at this dose was 29% and not significantly different from the untreated controls. In a second study, no codling moth eggs hatched at any high pressure treatment between 30,000 and 80,000 psi, indicating these pressures were lethal. Various stages of western cherry fruit fly were treated at pressures from 10,000 to 45,000 psi, and survivorship was determined after 24 h. Eggs and third instars were more tolerant of HPP than the first and second instars. Mortality was 100% in western cherry fruit fly eggs and larvae at pressures greater than or equal to 25,000 psi. Apple and sweet cherry quality after high pressure treatment was poor, but high pressure may have applications to control quarantine pests in other fruits.
The Panel on Plant Health undertook a pest categorisation of Rhagoletis cingulata for the European Union (EU). This pest is a member of a complex of five North American species, of which Rhagoletis ...indifferens is the only other crop pest. The two pest species have morphologically distinct adults, but similar larvae and both attack cherries. R. cingulata is currently present in eight Member States but its presence in eastern North America from Mexico to Canada implies that all the risk assessment area where its hosts occur is suitable for establishment. Adults have a limited capacity for flight, and spread is mainly by larvae present in traded fruit and pupae in soil. R. cingulata attacks all cultivated and wild cherries but is particularly damaging to late‐maturing varieties, especially sour cherries. Even small infestations can cause losses because the quality requirements for marketing of cherry fruits indicate a threshold below 4 % for “worm‐eaten” fruit in accordance with Commission Regulation 214/2004. The limited control measures available are similar to those for the native cherry fruit fly, R. cerasi, and are primarily based on insecticide sprays timed to kill adults, along with some cultural methods (e.g. netting and trapping). R. cingulata is listed in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC and its hosts are regulated in Annex IIIA with prohibitions for introduction in the Member States, in Annex IVAI with special requirements on soil and dwarfed plants that need to be considered and in Annex V indicating that host plants intended for planting are subject to plant health inspection before entry or movement within the EU.
The aim of this research is to analyse the influence of the time of first fruit colour change and duration of fruit ripening of 19 cherry varieties on the infestation percentage by the European ...cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis cerasi L.) for 2008/2009. The infestation percentage grew proportionally depending on the time of first fruit colour change from 3% for the group of varieties which started earlier with the fruit colour change to 46.2% for the group of varieties which started later with the fruit colour change for 2008, and from 0% to 65.7% for 2009, respectively. The infestation percentage grew proportionally with the duration of fruit ripening of the cherry varieties, from 10.3% for the group of varieties with a short ripening period to 55.2% for the group of varieties with a long ripening period.
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