Choice Set Size Shapes Self-Expression Cheek, Nathan N.; Schwartz, Barry; Shafir, Eldar
Personality & social psychology bulletin,
02/2023, Letnik:
49, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Across six studies (total N = 3,549), we find that participants who were randomly assigned to choose from larger assortments thought their choices were more self-expressive, an effect that emerged ...regardless of whether larger sets actually enabled participants to better satisfy their preferences. Studies examining the moderating role of choice domain and cultural context show that the effect of choice set size on perceived self-expression may be particular to contexts in which choices have some initial potential to express choosers’ identities. We then test novel predictions from this theoretical perspective, finding that self-expression mediates the effect of choice set size on choice satisfaction, the likelihood of publicly sharing choices, and the perceived importance of choices. Together, these studies show that choice set size shapes perceived self-expression and illustrate how this meaning-based theoretical lens provides both novel explanations for existing effects and novel predictions for future research.
There is no unified theory that can explain both voter choice and where choices come from. Hinich and Munger fill that gap with their model of political communication based on ideology.
Rather than ...beginning with voters and diffuse, atomistic preferences, Hinich and Munger explore why large groups of voters share preference profiles, why they consider themselves "liberals" or "conservatives." The reasons, they argue, lie in the twin problems of communication and commitment that politicians face. Voters, overloaded with information, ignore specific platform positions. Parties and candidates therefore communicate through simple statements of goals, analogies, and by invoking political symbols. But politicians must also commit to pursuing the actions implied by these analogies and symbols. Commitment requires that ideologies be used consistently, particularly when it is not in the party's short-run interest.
The model Hinich and Munger develop accounts for the choices of voters, the goals of politicians, and the interests of contributors. It is an important addition to political science and essential reading for all in that discipline.
"Hinich and Munger's study of ideology and the theory of political choice is a pioneering effort to integrate ideology into formal political theory. It is a major step in directing attention toward the way in which ideology influences the nature of political choices." --Douglass C. North
". . . represents a significant contribution to the literature on elections, voting behavior, and social choice." --Policy Currents
Melvin Hinich is Professor of Government, University of Texas. Michael C. Munger is Associate Professor of Political Science, University of North Carolina.
Many experts believe the transport system is about to change dramatically. This change is due to so-called fully-automated vehicles (AVs). However, at present, there are numerous important knowledge ...gaps that need to be solved for the successful integration of AVs in our transport systems, in particular regarding the impacts of AVs on travel demand. For instance, full automation will enable passengers to perform other, non-driving, related tasks while traveling to their destination. This may substantially change the way in which passengers experience traveling by car, and, in turn, may lead to considerable changes in the so-called Value of Travel Time (VOTT). Many experts anticipate the VOTT to decrease substantially due to AVs. However, the extent to which VOTT will change is currently far from clear. This study aims to develop new insights on the potential impacts of fully automated vehicles on the VOTT for commute trips. To do so, we first look at the existing microeconomics theory on the perceived VOTT and analyze the expected changes accrued from the effect of working and having leisure in an AV. We conclude that the VOTT of a work vehicle should be lower than what is experienced today in a conventional vehicle but the leisure one could stay the same. Then we conduct a stated choice experiment, specifically designed and administered for measuring the VOTT, and analyze these data using discrete choice models (DCMs). In total, we collected data from about 500 respondents. In the experiment, respondents were presented choice tasks consisting of three alternatives: an AV with office interior, an AV with leisure interior, and a conventional car. The same experiment was also given to another sample of respondents but this time describing a chauffeur-driven vehicle. Overall we find the average VOTT for an AV with an office interior (5.50€/h) to be lower than the VOTT for the conventional car (7.47€/h), however the AV with leisure interior is not found to decrease the value of time (8.17€/h) which confirms the theoretical results. The VOTT for the chauffeur experiment is systematically lower than for the AV experiment which we attribute to some distrust that people have regarding the AVs.
Abstract
Predominately Angus steers (n = 24; initial BW = 435 ± 28.3 kg) were used to evaluate non-coated (NC) and coated implants (CI) containing equal amounts of trenbolone acetate (TBA; 200 mg) ...and estradiol benzoate (EB; 28 mg) in finishing steers on sera metabolite responses, gene expression, and immunohistochemical analyses of the Longissimus muscle (LM). Performance data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design, and all other data were analyzed as repeated measures for a completely randomized design. Treatments were no implant (NI), NC (Synovex-PLUS; Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ), and CI (Synovex-One Feedlot) implant. There were 2 pen replicates per treatment (n = 4 steers/pen). LM biopsies, blood, and BW were collected before feeding on days 0, 14, 28, 56, 84, 112, and 133, with final BW being captured on day 140. Genes of interest were determined by RT-qPCR using two housekeeping genes. Sera was analyzed for estradiol-17β (E2),17β-trenbolone (TbOH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), NEFA, and urea-N (SUN). An α of 0.10 determined significance for performance and sera data; α of 0.05 was used for gene and histology data. No performance differences (P ≥ 0.10) were detected. An implant × day interaction (P ≤ 0.10) for E2, IGF-I, and SUN was detected; implants elevated (P ≤ 0.10) E2, 17β-TbOH, and IGF-I; and decreased SUN across day of the study, meaning sera metabolites are not altered with time on feed. An implant × day interaction was detected for myogenic factor 5 (MYF-5) positive cells and proportions of MHCIIX. In LM, CI had greater (P < 0.10) IGF-I in LM over NI. CI increased (P < 0.05) G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) expression, as well as, GPER1 semi-quantitative scores over NI and NC. An implant × day interaction (P ≤ 0.05) for estrogen and androgen receptor-positive nuclei was detected; implants had increased (P ≤ 0.05) estrogen and androgen receptor-positive nuclei compared to NI. CIs increase genes associated with muscle tissue growth.
Abstract Invasive candidiasis is a rising global health threat with increasing incidence, persistently high mortality, and diminishing treatment options. Antifungal resistance has rapidly emerged and ...spread, with multidrug-resistant species deemed an urgent and serious threat. While acknowledging the key role of antifungal stewardship and infection control in curbing spread, we examine the role of antifungal monotherapy in driving resistance and the potential for combination therapy to prevent stress adaptation and emergence of drug resistance. In addition to its role in mitigating resistance, combination treatment may improve drug penetration, expedite fungal clearance, and allow lower, less toxic doses of individual drugs to be used. A growing body of laboratory-based evidence suggests that antifungal combinations can yield synergistic activity against Candida spp., including against frequently multidrug-resistant Candida auris. It is imperative to test these combinations in clinical trials, incorporating resistance end points as a marker of success.
This book is about preferences, principally as they figure in economics. It also explores their uses in everyday language and action, how they are understood in psychology and how they figure in ...philosophical reflection on action and morality. The book clarifies and for the most part defends the way in which economists invoke preferences to explain, predict and assess behavior and outcomes. Hausman argues, however, that the predictions and explanations economists offer rely on theories of preference formation that are in need of further development, and he criticizes attempts to define welfare in terms of preferences and to define preferences in terms of choices or self-interest. The analysis clarifies the relations between rational choice theory and philosophical accounts of human action. The book also assembles the materials out of which models of preference formation and modification can be constructed, and it comments on how reason and emotion shape preferences.
This open access book traces the development of sociology in Germany from the late 19th century to the present day, providing a concise overview of the main actors, institutional processes, theories, ...methods, topics and controversies. Throughout the book, the author relates the discipline’s history to its historical, economic, political and cultural contexts. The book begins with sociology in the German Reich, the Weimar Republic, National Socialism and exile, before exploring sociology after 1945 as a ‘key discipline’ of the young Federal Republic of Germany, and reconstructing the periods from 1945 to 1968 and from 1968 to 1990. The final chapters are devoted to sociology in the German Democratic Republic and the period from 1990 to the present day. This work will appeal to students and scholars of sociology, and to a general readership interested in the history of Germany.
Work Life after Failure? brings together knowledge from three distinct concepts: resilience, learning, and recovery. Encompassing both conceptual and empirical work from experts in these fields, this ...book also sheds light on the classification of failures and setbacks and develops a measure of the setback severity.
It is commonly assumed that people make intertemporal choices by "discounting" the value of delayed outcomes, assigning discounted values independently to all options, and comparing the discounted ...values. We identify a class of anomalies to this assumption of alternative-based discounting, which collectively shows that options are not treated independently but rather comparatively: The time difference, or interval, between the options sometimes counts more and sometimes counts less if it is taken as a whole than if it is divided into shorter subintervals (
superadditivity
and
subadditivity
, respectively), and whether the interval counts more or less depends on the money difference, or compensation, involved (
inseparability
). We develop a model that replaces alternative-based discounting with attribute-based tradeoffs. In our model, people make intertemporal choices by weighing how much more they will receive or pay if they wait longer against how much longer the wait will be, or, conversely, how much less they will receive or pay if they do not wait longer against how much shorter the wait will be. This model, called the
tradeoff model
, accommodates, in a psychologically plausible way, all anomalies that the discounting approach can and cannot address.
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