Since the 1980s, bilingualism has become one of the main themes of sociolinguistics - but there are as yet few large-scale treatments of the subject specific to the ancient world. This book is the ...first work to deal systematically with bilingualism during a period of antiquity (the Roman period, down to about the fourth century AD) in the light of sociolinguistic discussions of bilingual issues. The general theme of the work is the nature of the contact between Latin and numerous other languages spoken in the Roman world. Among the many issues discussed three are prominent: code-switching (the practice of switching between two languages in the course of a single utterance) and its motivation, language contact as a cause of change in one or both of the languages in contact, and the part played by language choice and language switching in the establishment of personal and group identities.
Abstract
This article seeks to develop Translanguaging as a theory of language and discuss the theoretical motivations behind and the added values of the concept. I contextualize Translanguaging in ...the linguistic realities of the 21st century, especially the fluid and dynamic practices that transcend the boundaries between named languages, language varieties, and language and other semiotic systems. I highlight the contributions Translanguaging as a theoretical concept can make to the debates over the Language and Thought and the Modularity of Mind hypotheses. One particular aspect of multilingual language users’ social interaction that I want to emphasize is its multimodal and multisensory nature. I elaborate on two related concepts: Translanguaging Space and Translanguaging Instinct, to underscore the necessity to bridge the artificial and ideological divides between the so-called sociocultural and the cognitive approaches to Translanguaging practices. In doing so, I respond to some of the criticisms and confusions about the notion of Translanguaging.
We investigated whether bilinguals' integration of a code-switch during real-time comprehension, which involves resolving among conflicting linguistic representations, modulates the deployment of ...cognitive-control mechanisms. In the current experiment, Spanish-English bilinguals (N = 48) completed a cross-task conflict-adaptation paradigm that tested whether reading code-switched sentences triggers cognitive-control engagement that immediately influences performance on an ensuing Flanker trial. We observed that, while incrementally processing sentences, detecting a code-switch (as opposed to reading sentences that did not contain a code-switch) assisted subsequent conflict resolution. Such temporal interdependence between confronting cross-linguistic conflict and ensuing adjustments in behavior indicates that integrating a code-switch during online comprehension may recruit domain-general cognitive-control procedures. We propose that such control mechanisms mobilize to resolve among competing representations that arise across languages during real-time parsing of code-switched input. Overall, the findings provide novel insight into what language-processing demands of bilingualism regulate cognitive-control performance moment by moment.
Code‐switching occurs regularly in the input to bilingual children. Yet, the effect of code‐switched input on language development is unclear. To test whether word learning would be affected by ...code‐switching, Spanish–English bilingual children (N = 45, 19 boys, MeanAge = 5.05 years; ethnicity: 37 Hispanic/Latino, six Non‐Hispanic/Latino, two unreported) were taught English‐like novel words in two conditions. In the English‐only condition, definitions for novel words were provided entirely in English. In the code‐switch condition, definitions for novel words were provided in English and Spanish, incorporating code‐switches. Children required fewer exposures to retain novel words in the code‐switch than the English‐only condition and this effect was not moderated by children's language ability or exposure to code‐switching, suggesting that code‐switched input does not pose word‐learning risks to bilingual children, including children with lower levels of language ability.
Spanish‐English bilingual children (MeanAge=5.05 years) were taught novel words in two conditions. In the English‐only condition, definitions for novel words were provided entirely in English. In the Code‐Switch condition, definitions for novel words were provided in English and Spanish, incorporating code‐switches. Children required fewer cycles to meet learning criteria in the Code‐Switch condition than in the English‐only condition. These results suggest that code‐switched input does not pose word‐learning risks to bilingual children.
Two conceptions of the linguistic system of bilinguals are in contention. The
approach supports what we call a
view, arguing that bilingualism and multilingualism, despite their importance as ...sociocultural concepts, have no correspondence in a dual or multiple linguistic system. In our view, the myriad lexical and structural features mastered by bilinguals occupy a cognitive terrain that is not fenced off into anything like the two areas suggested by the two socially named languages. But a strong critique of this view by Jeff MacSwan adopts the familiar position that, while allowing for some overlap, the competence of bilinguals involves language specific internal differentiation. According to this view, which we have called the
, bilinguals possess two separate linguistic systems whose boundaries coincide with those of the two named languages. Several interdisciplinary considerations point to the lack of initial plausibility of the dual correspondence theory. And the main argument offered by MacSwan in defense of the theory, namely restrictions on code switching, lacks descriptive adequacy and theoretical coherence. The dual correspondence theory has had pernicious effects in educational practices. A much healthier educational climate is created by teachers who adopt the unitary view sponsored by translanguaging.
Abstract The field of literary multilingualism has quickly grown over the last decades. Multiple studies have examined the way linguistic diversity manifests itself in literature by focusing on ...specific strategies such as code-switching, code-mixing, code-shifting, hybridization, etc. However, the current understanding of multilingual practices is still dominated by a remarkable terminological inconsistency. In this article, we provide a new theoretical framework called ‘literary code-switching’ (Domokos 2018–2020), that can be used to examine most literary multilingual practices – from the most hidden or latent to the more manifest ones. This formulation, which is scaled into degrees from 0 to 5, will be applied to some key examples taken from the works of Imre Madách, Mihály Tompa, Imre Oravecz, Attila Jász, Ferenc Karinthy, Terézia Mora and Anne Tardos. The aim of picking up these heuristic examples from Hungarian literature is to point towards the necessity of investigating literature more systematically according to its hidden and manifest linguistic diversity.
Language is the vital for human in life. Through language, a human can communicate each other. The phenomenon of an individual uses more than one language to deliver means in some words or sentences ...is called code-switching. Code-switching researches are easy to find, but most of them are implemented in the classroom. It is rare to find research about code-switching about double degree students. The objectives of this study are to discover what languages that students used for code-switching, to find out the students' motivations, and to know students’ attitudes when used code-switching during their double degree program in Taiwan. This study used the descriptive qualitative method to collect and analyzed the data. Purposive sampling is applied. The subjects are master's degree students that stay for about two semesters in Eastern Taiwan. The Interview was adopted from Hossam Ebid (2017) and it was a semi-structured interview. This study found that the languages English and Bahasa Indonesia are the majority languages that students spoke, Sunda, Chinese, and Spanish are used for code-switching for certain people. The motivations to use code-switching are intimacy, strengthen culture, privacy, maintain the language, sharing, communication, the words that cannot be translated, exploring Taiwan language, get a new friend, and building a relationship. The attitude of the students showed positives toward code-switching. It found also that the attitudes of interlocutors when encounter double degree students, such as angry, afraid, lost interest, happy and confused. This result revealed one layer of language phenomena in Indonesia.
Despite a growing number of studies on bilingual advantages in executive functions (EF), their findings have been inconsistent. To shed light on this issue, we aimed to address both the conceptual ...and methodological limitations that have prevailed in the literature: failure to consider diverse bilingual experiences when assessing bilingual advantages or to address the task impurity problems that can arise with EF tasks. Drawing on the adaptive control hypothesis and control process model of code-switching, we adopted theory-driven and latent variable approaches to examine the relations between bilingual interactional contexts and EF. By administering 9 EF tasks to 175 bilingual participants over multiple sessions, we found that bilinguals' dual-language context significantly predicted the latent variable of task-switching, while a dense code-switching context significantly predicted 2 latent variables of inhibitory control and goal maintenance. These findings remained robust after controlling for potential confounds of demographics, socioeconomic status, nonverbal intelligence, and unintended language-switching tendency. Our study suggests that bilingual interactional context is a key language experience that modulates bilingual advantages in EF.
This paper investigates code-switching based on the types and functions in Daniel Mananta Network YouTube Channel while interacting with each other in informal situations. A qualitative approach was ...applied to the descriptive study in this paper. The data were gathered through a qualitative method by observing and transcribing the selected YouTube videos. The researcher transcribed, coded, analyzed, and classified the gathered data as the main instrument to determine the classifications and functions of code-switching. The study focused on the classifications and functions of code-switching used within Indonesian-based conversation. The sample of the study involved 10 video playlists of Daniel Tetangga Kamu on the Daniel Mananta Network YouTube Channel. The duration of the 10 videos is 12 hours and 53 minutes. The findings indicate that the Daniel Mananta Network YouTube Channel’s participants frequently used intra-sentential code-switching rather than inter-sentential code-switching, tag switching, and intra-word code-switching. In addition, the researcher also found a new phenomenon of code-switching that emerged where intra-sentential code-switching occurred within inter-sentential code-switching. The findings of the study are not only code-switching but also code-mixing, which is a reduplication that occurred due to the common usage in Indonesian speech. Subsequently, the most frequent function of code-switching used by the participants in the Daniel Mananta Network YouTube Channel is lexical need. Furthermore, the participants in Daniel Mananta Network YouTube Channel code-switch are not only from Indonesian to English but also from English to Indonesian in the Indonesian-based conversation.
Code-switching is a common phenomenon in bilingual communities, but little is known about bilingual parents’ code-switching when speaking to their infants. In a pre-registered study, we identified ...instances of code-switching in day-long at-home audio recordings of 21 French–English bilingual families in Montreal, Canada, who provided recordings when their infant was 10 and 18 months old. Overall, rates of infant-directed code-switching were low, averaging 7 times per hour (6 times per 1,000 words) at 10 months and increasing to 28 times per hour (18 times per 1,000 words) at 18 months. Parents code-switched more between sentences than within a sentence; this pattern was even more pronounced when infants were 18 months than when they were 10 months. The most common apparent reasons for code-switching were to bolster their infant's understanding and to teach vocabulary words. Combined, these results suggest that bilingual parents code-switch in ways that support successful bilingual language acquisition.
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