The present article tests the semantic map of adversative-contrastive (AC) markers posited by Andrei Malchukov. The study of the polysemy patterns of the three Polish AC lexemes ALE, LECZ, and A ...corroborates the validity of Malchukov’s map. However, certain modifications to the map also seem necessary. These involve: the addition of new domains, the sub-division of larger domains into more specific sub-domains, and crucially the alternative placement of certain domains, and thus the modification of their relationship to the other components of the map.
Modern phraseology and paremiology has largely become popular due to such general linguistic areas as lingu¬oculturology, cognitive science and axiology. A powerful impetus to the development of ...these disciplines was given by the scientific school of prof. V. N. Telia, who proposed both a holistic theory and its practical implementation in lexicography. This review analyzes the latest work of the student and follower V.N. Telia - prof. Maria L. Kovshova. In her monograph “Linguocultural analysis of idioms, riddles, proverbs and sayings. The Anthroponymic Code of Culture” and other works, the author presents his concept of linguoculturology and demonstrates the axiological nature of Russian paremiology. The universal features of Russian paremias against the background of pan-European ones, as well as their nationally specific reflection in the language of folklore, are revealed. Between different small genres of folklore (proverbs, sayings, idioms and riddles) M. L. Kovshova searches for and finds an anthroponymic code that makes up the cultural dominant of folk speech. The cultural and linguistic picture of the world in the mirror of phraseology, the cultural specificity of idioms and paremias and the cultural reference of idioms and paremias are an organically connected and diachronically conditioned triad. Perception of idioms and paremias, according to M. L. Kovshova includes a process of cultural reference, i.e. the ratio of the components of the image and the image as a whole with the space of culture. This creates a semantic “layer”, which, in fact, is the key to ethnic mentality. Researches of M. L. Kovshova represent an integral palette of Russian paremias in a consistent linguoculturological coverage.
The present study analyzes discrepancies in the conceptualization of selected linguistic terms, namely ‘word’ and the associated terms ‘lexeme’ and ‘lexical unit’ in English and the terms ...‘slovo’,‘lexéma’ and ‘lexia’ in Slovak. The study is aimed at finding out the degree of discrepancies in the conceptualization of analyzed terms in English and Slovak. In order to achieve this goal, the following research question is posed: What is the degree of discrepancy between conceptualization of the term ‘word’ and its associated lexicological terms ‘lexeme’ and ‘lexical unit’ in English and their Slovak equivalents ‘slovo’, ‘lexéma’ and ‘lexia’? Discrepancies between terms in both linguistic traditions can be identified as differences in content, scope and function. The hermeneutical-conceptualization-configuration method is used to explain the degree of discrepancies (for the method see Bilá – Kačmárová – Vaňková, 2017; Kačmárová – Bilá – Vaňková, 2018), comprising the levels and elements consistent with the socio-cognitive approach to the conceptualization of meaning through language.
Communication helps us to receive and transmit information with the help of the language. In the result of globalization and cultural integration English became a worldwide used language. Knowledge ...of English gives rise to numerous possibilities so modern specialists have to speak the English language fluently. Thus, methods of teaching students a foreign language should be developed. English language acquisition is closely connected with different types of activities with audio and video that help motivate students to communicate and enhance their communicative competence of English through listening and speaking. Moreover, listening to and watching authentic professionally-oriented educational materials has a better impact on the sensory organs and allows students to choose the appropriate vocabulary to respond quickly to communicative situations. Therefore, we hypothesize, that the effectiveness of the use of audiovisual means in teaching professional English communication depends on such factors as the teacher’s skills level, the quality of the audiovisual means used, the authenticity of the professional audio and video texts, the correct organization of the educational process and the consideration of the individual peculiarities of students. In this study we analyse theoretical data relevant to the current research, describe our personal approach to the choice of methods and techniques using audio and video to provide students with proficiency in professional English and seek to compare the level of English language proficiency before and after the experiment when conducting our lessons with different types of activities. Our findings prove that the appropriate usage of authentic audio and video professional materials by the teacher influences the sensory organs of students and allows them to memorize vocabulary and speech patterns better in order to react to communicative situations.
Parallel to the research that I did on the application of prototype theory to questions of semantic change (which eventually resulted in my Diachronic Prototype Semantics monograph of 1997), I paid ...attention on a number of occasions to the theoretical clarification of the notion of prototypicality as such (and of the related notion of polysemy: see the second section of this collection). In the paper reprinted here, I try to bring some systematicity into the many uses of the concept ‘prototypicality’ by distinguishing between two cross-classifying dimensions. First, I make a distinction between two crucial structural phenomena underlying prototypicality effects: flexibility (i.e. the absence of clear boundaries and demarcations) and salience (i.e. differences of structural weight). Second, I suggest that both prototypicality phenomena may be found on an intensional level (the level of definitions) and on an extensional level (the level of referents). The cross-classification of the two dimensions defines four basic types of prototypicality effects.
The evolution of language has developed into a large research field. Two questions are particularly relevant for this strand of research: firstly, how did the human capacity for language emerge? And ...secondly, which processes of cultural evolution are involved both in the evolution of human language from non-linguistic communication and in the continued evolution of human languages? Much research on language evolution that addresses these two questions is highly compatible with the usage-based approach to language pursued in cognitive linguistics. Focusing on key topics such as comparing human language and animal communication, experimental approaches to language evolution, and evolutionary dynamics in language, this Element gives an overview of the current state-of-the-art of language evolution research and discusses how cognitive linguistics and research on the evolution of language can cross-fertilise each other. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
The paper reports on a study of the national-geographical cultural concept Grodno, using data from 33 different types of dictionaries published between 1907 and 2014, as well as an associative ...experiment. The study aimed to collect and analyze information about the lexeme Grodno presented in dictionaries and determine the main characteristics of the concept. The structure of the concept was found to include core, value, image, and conceptual components. Only 10 dictionaries recorded the lexeme Grodno, but the study was able to create its own word-formation nest with the lexeme, comprising 8 units. The results of the associative experiment helped identify the concept Grodno in the language picture of the world of 100 Grodno citizens. The paper examines the concept Grodno, its structure, and its linguistic representation, considering cognitive and linguacultural aspects. The study used a complex method of analysis, employing a range of general scientific and linguistic methods. Based on the analysis of dictionary definitions and the associative experiment, a generalized model of the concept Grodno and its components is presented, including the city and its location, the first mention of the city, the number of inhabitants, history, people related to Grodno, architecture, industrial sectors and enterprises, infrastructure, environmental condition, and evaluation (fame). The paper highlights the importance of the concept Grodno as a fundamental concept of Belarusian culture, reflecting the idea of the city in the linguistic picture of the world of Russian-speaking people.
This paper provides an overview of what we take to be the key current issues in the field of Generative Grammar, the study of the human Faculty of Language. We discuss some of the insights this ...approach to language has produced, including substantial achievements in the understanding of basic properties of language and its interactions with interfacing systems. This progress in turn gives rise to new research questions, many of which could not even be coherently formulated until recently. We highlight some of the most pressing outstanding challenges, in the hope of inspiring future research.
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