This paper examines the extent to which modern technology has impacted firms' R&D spending levels by empirically examining the relationship between inventor distance and R&D intensity at firm level. ...We find that inventor distance has a positive link with R&D intensity. Furthermore, we argue that the success of a collaboration network lies in the distinctive roles of the individuals, organizations, or countries involved. To test this theory, we extend the study to explore the moderating effects of the number of individuals, organizations, and countries participated in a collaborated invention. Using a combined data set of R&D financial and patent data from 531 highly innovative and R&D intensive firms, and several estimation techniques such as Probit predictive margins and the generalized method of moments (GMM), our findings show that distance-R&D intensity relationship can be influenced by the number of individual inventors, number of organizations, or countries involved in the collaborations.
Several bibliographic databases offer a free tool that enables one to determine the collaboration distance or co-authorship distance between researchers. This paper addresses a real-life application ...of the collaboration distance. It concerns somewhat unusual clustering; namely clustering in which the average distances in each cluster need to be maximised. We briefly consider a pair of clusterings in which two cluster partitions are uniform and orthogonal in the sense that in each partition all clusters are of the same size and that no pair of elements belongs to the same cluster in both partitions. We consider different objective functions when calculating the score of the pair of orthogonal partitions. In this paper the Wiener index (a graph invariant, known in chemical graph theory) is used. The main application of our work is an algorithm for scheduling a series of parallel talks at a major conference.
Multimedia content is a central component of on-demand training and education delivered over the World Wide Web. Supporting asynchronous collaboration around educational multimedia is potentially a ...significant tool for delivering online educational content effectively. A multimedia annotation system tightly integrated with e-mail provides a powerful platform on which to base such functionality. In this paper we describe a series of studies of such a system. First, we built a prototype annotation system and refined it based on results of laboratory tests. We then extended the system to support asynchronous collaboration for on-demand training and studied its effectiveness in two corporate training courses, assessing student experience, instructor experience, and user interface appropriateness. Having identified possibilities for enhancing engagement and collaboration with the tool, we conducted another set of laboratory studies. Through this iterative process we are creating a platform and identifying processes for its use, which enable students and instructors to exploit the advantages of asynchronous education while compensating for the reduction in face-to-face interaction.
New paradigms such as Open Innovation and User Centred Design as well as User Centred Open Innovation Ecosystem promote a distributed collaboration approach. However, a number of identified distances ...abundantly described in the literature, raise collaboration barriers which affect the effectiveness and efficiency of collaboration. This paper presents the results and discusses the findings of a survey on collaboration barriers, built from a list of collaboration distance factors, which was conducted from June 2007 to June 2008. It also explores the role of Collaborative Working Environments (CWE) and collaboration tools in creating, compressing or bridging collaborative distances and raising or overcoming related collaboration barriers.
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