Rather than viewing the history of American capitalism as the unassailable ascent of large-scale corporations and free competition, American Fair Trade argues that trade associations of independent ...proprietors lobbied and litigated to reshape competition policy to their benefit. At the turn of the twentieth century, this widespread fair trade movement borrowed from progressive law and economics, demonstrating a persistent concern with market fairness - not only fair prices for consumers but also fair competition among businesses. Proponents of fair trade collaborated with regulators to create codes of fair competition and influenced the administrative state's public-private approach to market regulation. New Deal partnerships in planning borrowed from those efforts to manage competitive markets, yet ultimately discredited the fair trade model by mandating economy-wide trade rules that sharply reduced competition. Laura Phillips Sawyer analyzes how these efforts to reconcile the American tradition of a well-regulated society with the legacy of Gilded Age of laissez-faire capitalism produced the modern American regulatory state.
Monopsony in motion Manning, Alan; Manning, Alan
2003., 20131203, 2013, 2003, 2003-01-01, 20030101
eBook
What happens if an employer cuts wages by one cent? Much of labor economics is built on the assumption that all the workers will quit immediately. Here, Alan Manning mounts a systematic challenge to ...the standard model of perfect competition.Monopsony in Motionstands apart by analyzing labor markets from the real-world perspective that employers have significant market (or monopsony) power over their workers. Arguing that this power derives from frictions in the labor market that make it time-consuming and costly for workers to change jobs, Manning re-examines much of labor economics based on this alternative and equally plausible assumption.
The book addresses the theoretical implications of monopsony and presents a wealth of empirical evidence. Our understanding of the distribution of wages, unemployment, and human capital can all be improved by recognizing that employers have some monopsony power over their workers. Also considered are policy issues including the minimum wage, equal pay legislation, and caps on working hours. In a monopsonistic labor market, concludes Manning, the "free" market can no longer be sustained as an ideal and labor economists need to be more open-minded in their evaluation of labor market policies.Monopsony in Motionwill represent for some a new fundamental text in the advanced study of labor economics, and for others, an invaluable alternative perspective that henceforth must be taken into account in any serious consideration of the subject.
El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los niveles de satisfacción de padres y entrenadores tras la aplicación de un torneo en el que se modifica el reglamento y el sistema de competición en categoría ...preinfantil. Se desarrolló un torneo “Basket a 2.80”, dividido en cinco mini-competiciones (lanzamiento, habilidad, uno contra uno, cuatro contra cuatro y cinco contra cinco) y en el que se adaptaron el equipamiento (canasta a dos metros ochenta y balón seis). Se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas a nueve padres y cuatro entrenadores de baloncesto. Mediante el procedimiento de análisis del contenido se analizaron los datos por tres codificadores. Las reglas más valoradas fueron el balón seis, el cuatro contra cuatro y la reducción de la altura de la canasta. Favorecer el proceso de aprendizaje, incrementar la participación, el espacio de juego y la eficacia y la satisfacción de los jugadores, son asociados con las nuevas reglas. Frente al 55,5% de los padres que opta por los dos sistemas de competición (actual y sistema de minicompeticiones) el resto y los entrenadores prefieren la competición actual. La formación integral y una mayor participación de los jugadores, la variedad y el carácter lúdico es lo destacado en el sistema de competición planteado. Ante las virtudes apuntadas se hace necesario seguir planteando este tipo de propuestas que permitan analizar y cuestionarse el reglamento y la competición actual.
Competition
Man and the economy,
01/2020, Letnik:
7, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A competitive system requires considerable regulation of business by the state, which may compromise the system itself. In economics, competition has two distinct meanings. In the usual sense, ...competition refers to the situation of perfect competition, when many producers supply identical products. In the second sense, competition refers to the process whereby producers develop and market new products and lower costs by improving their methods of production.
Policy makers and analysts have been voicing concerns about the increasing concentration of health care providers and health insurers in markets nationwide, including the potential adverse effect on ...the cost and quality of health care. The Council of Economic Advisers recently expressed its concern about the lack of estimates of market concentration in many sectors of the US economy. To address this gap in health care, this study analyzed market concentration trends in the United States from 2010 to 2016 for hospitals, physician organizations, and health insurers. Hospital and physician organization markets became increasingly concentrated over this time period. Concentration among primary care physicians increased the most, partially because hospitals and health care systems acquired primary care physician organizations. In 2016, 90 percent of Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) were highly concentrated for hospitals, 65 percent for specialist physicians, 39 percent for primary care physicians, and 57 percent for insurers. Ninety-one percent of the 346 MSAs analyzed may have warranted concern and scrutiny because of their concentration levels in 2016 and changes in their concentrations since 2010. Public policies that enhance competition are needed, such as stricter enforcement of antitrust laws, reducing barriers to entry, and restricting anticompetitive behaviors.
