Adolescence is a period of life in which peer relationships become increasingly important. Adolescents have a greater likelihood of taking risks when they are with peers rather than alone. In this ...study, we investigated the development of social influence on risk perception from late childhood through adulthood. Five hundred and sixty-three participants rated the riskiness of everyday situations and were then informed about the ratings of a social-influence group (teenagers or adults) before rating each situation again. All age groups showed a significant social-influence effect, changing their risk ratings in the direction of the provided ratings; this social-influence effect decreased with age. Most age groups adjusted their ratings more to conform to the ratings of the adult social-influence group than to the ratings of the teenager social-influence group. Only young adolescents were more strongly influenced by the teenager social-influence group than they were by the adult social-influence group, which suggests that to early adolescents, the opinions of other teenagers about risk matter more than the opinions of adults.
Social norms in networks Ushchev, Philip; Zenou, Yves
Journal of economic theory,
January 2020, 2020-01-00, Letnik:
185
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Although the linear-in-means model is the workhorse model in empirical work on peer effects, its theoretical properties are understudied. In this study, we develop a social-norm model that provides a ...microfoundation of the linear-in-means model and investigate its properties. We show that individual outcomes may increase, decrease, or vary non-monotonically with the taste for conformity. Equilibria are usually inefficient and, to restore the first best, the planner needs to subsidize (tax) agents whose neighbors make efforts above (below) the social norms. Thus, giving more subsidies to more central agents is not necessarily efficient. We also discuss the policy implications of our model in terms of education and crime.
Alone in a Crowd of Sheep Pronin, Emily; Berger, Jonah; Molouki, Sarah
Journal of personality and social psychology,
04/2007, Letnik:
92, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The results of 5 studies showed that people see others as more conforming than
themselves. This asymmetry was found to occur in domains ranging from consumer
purchases to political views. ...Participants claimed to be less susceptible than
their average peers to broad descriptions of social influences, and they also
claimed to be less susceptible than specific peers to specific instances of
conformity. These studies further demonstrated that this asymmetry is not simply
the result of social desirability, but it is also rooted in people's attention
to introspective versus behavioral information when making conformity
assessments. The participants displayed an
introspection
illusion
, placing more weight on introspective evidence of conformity
(relative to behavioral evidence) when judging their own susceptibility to
social influence as opposed to someone else's. Implications for
self-other asymmetries, implicit social influence, and interpersonal
conflict are discussed.
The question of the relationship between the intragroup status of a group member and the degree of his conformity remains unresolved. Proponents of the idea of "middle-status conformity" tend to view ...low-status members as weakly susceptible to social influence, while their opponents - the most conforming part of the group. An experimental study of this problem became the purpose of this article. 74 students of the 4th senior (8-11) grades took part in it. The following methods were used: a specially designed experiment to study the process of formation of group norms, sociometry and referentometry. The obtained results did not confirm the idea of middle status conformity. At the same time, the hypothesis of the existence of a significant negative relationship between intragroup status and susceptibility to group influence was confirmed. Leaders are characterized by stability of opinion and immutability of position, while low-status members are characterized by pronounced fluctuations in assessments and opinions. It is shown that with age, the revealed relationship between in-group status and the degree of susceptibility to social influence increases. The conclusions drawn are limited to natural, long-established and well-structured groups; physical characteristics in a situation of uncertainty as an object of assessment; definition of intragroup status as a combination of sociometric status with referentiality; conforming behavior in the form of internalization.
In my article I want to demonstrate that and how the concept "religious nonconformism" can and should be fruitfully utilized in the study of religions. In order to do so it is necessary to clarify ...the meaning of the term. To begin with the term "nonconformism" is to be distinguished from the semantically related term "nonconformity". "Nonconformity" is here understood as a purely purpose-rational breaking of norms while "nonconformism" is defined as an ethos relevant for social action that is based on value-rational motivation oriented towards an alternative order and thus refers negatively to a prevailing order. In this context I recur to Max Weber's concept of competing "value spheres" and "life orders". Next, I argue that religious nonconformism is to be conceptualized as a specific, notoriously instable aggregate state of religious plurality. Accordingly it will be asked how religious plurality evolves and under which circumstances it leads to ascriptions and sanctions of nonconformism. Finally the question is raised whether under the condition of postmodern plurality religious nonconformism is still possible at all. Zusammenfassung: In meinem Beitrag mchte ich zeigen, dass und wie man das Konzept des religisen Nonkonformismus als analytische Kategorie in der religionswissenschaftlichen Forschung fruchtbar verwenden kann und sollte. Dazu ist eine begriffliche Klrung vonnten. Zunchst wird der Begriff des Nonkonformismus von dem semantisch nahestehenden der Nonkonformitt abgegrenzt. Whrend Nonkonformitt als blo zweckrationaler Normbruch zu verstehen ist, wird Nonkonformismus als handlungsleitende Gesinnung definiert, die sich negativ auf eine geltende Ordnung bezieht und die Grundlage wert-rational motivierten Handelns im Sinne einer alternativen Ordnung bildet. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auf Max Webers Idee von den konkurrierenden Wertsphren und Lebensordnungen rekurriert. In einem weiteren Schritt soll gezeigt werden, dass religiser Nonkonformismus als ein bestimmter, notorisch instabiler Aggregatzustand religiser Pluralitt unter asymmetrischen Machtverhltnissen zu konzeptualisieren ist. In diesem Sinne wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie sich religise Pluralitt entwickelt und wie sie in Nonkonformismus-Zuschreibungen und entsprechende Sanktionen mnden kann. Schlielich wird die Frage errtert, inwieweit unter den Bedingungen eines postmodernen Pluralismus religiser Nonkonformismus berhaupt noch mglich ist.
The article focuses on the problem of professional motivation of University teaching staff in the context of developing “academic capitalism” and presents the results of the empirical study carried ...out by the authors at the North-Western Institute of management of RANEPA in March–June 2020. Based on the data obtained, it is revealed that teachers, experiencing deep deprivation of their social needs – the needs for respect, recognition and honor, are trying to find their place in the modern system, get out of the grip of double pressure, on the one hand, from the administration, which purposefully imposes rating systems and effective contracts, increasing competition between teachers, and on the other hand – students, who are now positioned as clients of universities. In the context of developing academic capitalism, teachers choose one of two adaptation strategies: 1) conformism as an opportunity to integrate into a constantly changing situation; 2) the practice of quiet protest as an opportunity to demonstrate the inefficiency of the entrepreneurial model of higher education, at least in its current version, and 3) neutral position to protect the classical values of the academic community.
This study employs a neoclassical growth model to investigate the impact of consumption externalities on the distribution of wealth. It also jointly accounts for heterogeneity in the degree of ...consumption externalities, heterogeneity in the initial wealth endowments, and endogenous labor supply. First, we demonstrate that catching-up occurs when an initially poorer household works more than an initially wealthier one, after which the additional income acquired through hard work offsets the initial wealth difference. Second, a reduction in wealth inequality is only consistent and systematic if an initially wealthier household works relatively less than the social average. When this condition is not met, a reduction in wealth inequality only occurs if the initial wealth is highly and unevenly distributed.
•A neoclassical growth model with elastic labor supply is applied.•Heterogeneity stems from consumption externality and initial wealth endowment.•Divergent growth rates for consumption and leisure are observed among individuals.•Work is positively correlated with the strength of consumption externality.•Through hard work, catching-up and reduction in wealth inequality are possible.
In this study, we examined the relative effectiveness of prestige-based incentives (vaccination of an expert scientist/president/politician/celebrity/religious leader), conformist incentives ...(vaccination of friends and family) and risk-based incentives (witnessing death or illness of a person from the disease) for increasing participants' chances of getting vaccinated with respect to their coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine intention. We conducted a cross-cultural survey using demographically representative samples from the UK (
= 1533), USA (
= 1550) and Turkey (
= 1567). The most effective incentives in all three countries were vaccination of an expert scientist, followed by vaccination of friends and family members and knowing someone dying from the disease. Vaccination of an expert scientist was significantly more effective at increasing vaccine intention than any other incentive. Vaccine incentives, regardless of the incentive type, were much less effective for those who originally refused the COVID-19 vaccine than for those who were hesitant to receive the vaccine. Although the percentage of vaccine-hesitant participants was highest in Turkey, the mean effectiveness scores of incentives were also the highest in Turkey, suggesting that an informed vaccine promotion strategy can be successful in this country. Our findings have policy applicability and suggest that positive vaccination messages delivered by expert scientists, vaccination of friends and family and risk-based incentives can be effective at increasing vaccine uptake.
Recently there has been a surge of interest in the intersection between epistemology and action theory, especially in principles linking rationality in thought and rationality in action. Recently ...there has also been a surge of interest in the epistemic significance of perceived peer disagreement: what, epistemically speaking, is the rational response in light of disagreement with someone whom one regards as an epistemic peer? The objective of this paper is to explore these two issues—separately, but also in connection with one another. I turn first to the idea that the normative standing of our actions depends on the normative standing of our beliefs. I endorse this idea. More precisely, I endorse a principle according to which sufficiently high credence in success conditions for a given goal-directed action is a necessary condition on rational execution of that action. I then turn to the debate concerning the epistemic significance of perceived peer disagreement. The basic issue is whether such disagreement is always epistemically significant in the sense of serving as a defeater of the initial credences of the disagreeing parties. Conformists argue that this is so while non-conformists deny it. I present a new argument against a brand of non-conformism that I call "strong non-conformism". The key premise is the principle that sufficiently high credence in success conditions for a given goal-directed action is a necessary condition on rational execution of that action. I argue that, given this principle, strong non-conformism fails to yield the verdict that the epistemic requirement on rational action is violated in a case where, intuitively, it is violated. This is because strong non-conformism has it that disagreement with a perceived peer does not act as a defeater in the relevant case. Conformism fares better.
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