Walter Benjamin’s research led him to reflect on the state of exception, even if his uses of the concept remain little known. Beginning with Ursprung des deutschen Trauerspiels, in which he drew on ...classical theories of exception, Benjamin's position changed and, with his 1940 theses Über den Begriff der Geschichte, he achieved a theoretical framework with which to interpret all the states of exception that exist or have existed. He establishes a dichotomy between the state of exception-as-rule, under which he subsumes all modern exceptions, and the true state of exception, as a potential solution to contemporary historical, political, and structural problems. The article traces this path and asks whether this model can be applied today.
The concept of face, as it is developed by Goffman, has strong conceptual links with the notion of a ‘looking-glass’ self outlined by Adam Smith and developed sociologically by Cooley. It also has ...links with the Chinese concept of face, which relates to the transfer of social science concepts from one cultural setting to another. By discussing the specificity and universality of face the article indicates the significance of the Chinese concept of face in a global sociology. The article goes on to examine aspects of the treatment of the Chinese concept of face and in doing so presents a more comprehensive account of a sociological conceptualization of face. The article then considers the relationship between face and emotions in indicating the mechanisms that underlie face. Finally, a distinction is made between face as an embedded social process and as an object of social contestation.
Sperm whales live in culture-based multilevel societies in which the fundamental social level is the nearly permanent social unit of females and immature individuals, and the largest level is the ...clan constituted by social units that share a common coda repertoire. This study describes the coda repertoire and vocal clans of sperm whales in Brazilian waters recorded between 2011 and 2016. Inter-click intervals of codas were used to quantify similarity between repertoires. The analysis showed two evident clans, in the north and the south, distinct in their repertoires. The clan of the north, termed the “5R” clan, presented a predominant production of codas containing five regularly spaced clicks, not found in the clan of the south, termed “D” clan, which repertoire was dominated by long codas with 10–13 clicks with descending inter-click intervals. Codas with five regularly spaced clicks with the same rhythm and tempo as those found in the “5R” clan of Brazil are also predominant in sperm whales recorded in the Island of Dominica, at a distance of approximately 2700 km from the north of Brazil, which corresponds to the extension of the areas of sympatric clans. The sharing of 5R type by the both distinct clans is likely the result of cultural transmission in which conformism through social learning homogenizes coda repertoire. The results of this study corroborated the hypothesis that social boundaries, here the clan level, are maintained by cultural identities.
•Sperm whales from western Atlantic Ocean off Brazil have distinct coda repertoires.•North of the equator, vocalisations of the “5R” clan contained predominantly 5R codas.•A southern “D” clan at 29°-34°S emitted longer codas with descending patterns.•The northern 5R codas showed affinities to whale populations of the Caribbean.•Vocalisation data provide evidence of at least two different cultural identities.
This article examines the modalities of self-distinction in connection with the need for social recognition and its fulfillment within the marketplace. Hegel’s contribution is mobilized to enlighten ...how self-definition cannot be taught independently from its political existence, which implies social conformism trough the embodiment of the universal into the particular. Yet, because the political sphere is henceforth dominated by the economical sphere, Hegel’s ethic appears reversed, so that the individuals are now conforming themselves to the universal through particular practices encouraged by the neoliberal policy model. In this context, this analysis suggests that consumer practices constitute a way of affirming the singularity of the self following a conformism of dissimilarity. The contemporary narcissistic personality appears then as an adaptative response to the current ethical grammar.
Ageism attitudes of Ukrainian students Krainikov, Eduard; Prokopovych, Eugeniy; Torbyak, Natalia
Zdrowie publiczne,
01/2021, Letnik:
130, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The article is devoted to the study of factors that determine the students’ ageism attitudes, as well as their perception of the image “I am the old”.
To investigate the connection between ageism ...attitudes with the indicators of conformism and control locus.
Sample: 100 students of the Faculty of Psychology, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (specialty “social pedagogy” and “social work”). Toolkit: Leary interpersonal communication skills test, The level of empathy test (I. Yusupov), Big-5 personality questionnaire, The locus of control test (J. Rotter), Questionnaire of ageism attitudes (E. Krainikov).
Younger youths are more conformal and less empathic than older youths. Regarding the openness to the new experience, there were no significant differences between the respondents of both groups. Older youths are characterized by internal control locus comparing to younger youths. In addition, older youths have more positive and objective view to aging and old age. On the contrary, younger youths are more biased towards aging and old age.
The low level of conformism contributes to the formation of positive ageism attitudes, with the relative adoption of the image “I am the old”; the average level of conformism contributes to a balanced approach to aging and old age; a high level of conformism contributes to the formation of a negative ageism attitudes, testifies to the rejection of the image “I am the old”. Also, the ageism attitudes are affected by the level of subjective control. The internal control locus correlates with more positive ageism attitudes. Youth associates with a decrease in the level of conformism and increased control of the internal locus; therefore, older youths show more positive ageism attitudes and are likely to adopt the image “I am the old”.
The discourse around social media has gone through several dramatic twists and turns; from the early techno-optimism that envisioned a brave new borderless Agora accessible to all, to dystopian ...vistas of a chaotic “post-truth” political landscape of mutual distrust, hatred, and conspiracy theories. I will here attempt to combine Mueller and D’Ambrosio’s notion of “profilicity” with Arendt’s critique of “the social” and suggest that there are some problems specific to how we interact on social media that justifies skepticism regarding the new digital media as an arena for political activism and public debate.
Fitting in or Sticking Together Güngör, Derya; Karasawa, Mayumi; Boiger, Michael ...
Journal of cross-cultural psychology,
10/2014, Letnik:
45, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In this research, we compare two forms of interdependent agency. Whereas all interdependent cultures emphasize interpersonal connectedness, we suggest that the nature of this connection may differ ...between face and honor cultures. In a large survey, with 163 Japanese and 172 Turkish students, we tested the idea that, consistent with the concern for face, Japanese interdependence emphasizes conformity; that is, fitting in, whereas, consistent with the concern for honor, Turkish interdependence stresses relatedness; that is, sticking together. The results confirmed these hypotheses: Japanese described their agency more in terms of conformity than Turks, whereas Turks described their agency more in terms of relatedness. Moreover, relational well-being was predicted by conformity in the Japanese group and by relatedness in the Turkish group. Autonomy was also important for both samples, and it predicted personal well-being. Results suggest that a multi-dimensional approach to interdependent agency is needed to distinguish meaningfully between different interdependent cultures.
How do frequently stigmatized individuals feel about and respond to members of other potentially stigmatizable groups? Four studies demonstrated that perceptions of majority group norms regarding ...prejudice expression can shape how minority individuals respond to minority individuals from other groups. Study 1 revealed that Black and White men and women have somewhat different perceptions of Whites' norms regarding prejudice expression. Study 2 manipulated whether evaluations of Native American job candidates were to remain private or to be made public to unfamiliar Whites upon whom the evaluators were dependent: Black men used a strategy of publicly (but not privately) denigrating the minority target to conform to presumed prejudice-expression norms. Study 3, in which the authors explicitly manipulated prejudice-expression norms, and Study 4, in which they manipulated audience race, further supported the role of such norms in eliciting public discrimination against minority group members by other minority group members. The desire to avoid being targeted for discrimination, in conjunction with the perception that the majority endorses discrimination, appears to increase the likelihood that the often-stigmatized will stigmatize others.
Concerns with cultural variation and epistemic perspectives have played major roles in experimental semantics. They dominate Li's book (2023). Li's own experimental work provides two promising ...explanations of the cultural variation: Chinese, but not Americans, tend to agree with a character's false statement because they think it is not her fault that she is wrong or because they are socially conforming. So, the notice argues, the cultural variation is a red herring to the theory of reference. Li preferred explanation is that Chinese and Americans take different epistemic perspectives. The notice argues that this is misguided and another red herring.
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