Background
The mean age of women undergoing local treatment for pre‐invasive cervical disease (cervical intra‐epithelial neoplasia; CIN) or early cervical cancer (stage IA1) is around their 30s and ...similar to the age of women having their first child. Local cervical treatment has been correlated to adverse reproductive morbidity in a subsequent pregnancy, however, published studies and meta‐analyses have reached contradictory conclusions.
Objectives
To assess the effect of local cervical treatment for CIN and early cervical cancer on obstetric outcomes (after 24 weeks of gestation) and to correlate these to the cone depth and comparison group used.
Search methods
We searched the following databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; the Cochrane Library, 2017, Issue 5), MEDLINE (up to June week 4, 2017) and Embase (up to week 26, 2017). In an attempt to identify articles missed by the search or unpublished data, we contacted experts in the field and we handsearched the references of the retrieved articles and conference proceedings.
Selection criteria
We included all studies reporting on obstetric outcomes (more than 24 weeks of gestation) in women with or without a previous local cervical treatment for any grade of CIN or early cervical cancer (stage IA1). Treatment included both excisional and ablative methods. We excluded studies that had no untreated reference population, reported outcomes in women who had undergone treatment during pregnancy or had a high‐risk treated or comparison group, or both
Data collection and analysis
We classified studies according to the type of treatment and the obstetric endpoint. Studies were classified according to method and obstetric endpoint. Pooled risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random‐effects model and inverse variance. Inter‐study heterogeneity was assessed with I2 statistics. We assessed maternal outcomes that included preterm birth (PTB) (spontaneous and threatened), preterm premature rupture of the membranes (pPROM), chorioamnionitis, mode of delivery, length of labour, induction of delivery, oxytocin use, haemorrhage, analgesia, cervical cerclage and cervical stenosis. The neonatal outcomes included low birth weight (LBW), neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, stillbirth, perinatal mortality and Apgar scores.
Main results
We included 69 studies (6,357,823 pregnancies: 65,098 pregnancies of treated and 6,292,725 pregnancies of untreated women). Many of the studies included only small numbers of women, were of heterogenous design and in their majority retrospective and therefore at high risk of bias. Many outcomes were assessed to be of low or very low quality (GRADE assessment) and therefore results should be interpreted with caution. Women who had treatment were at increased overall risk of preterm birth (PTB) (less than 37 weeks) (10.7% versus 5.4%, RR 1.75, 95% CI 1.57 to 1.96, 59 studies, 5,242,917 participants, very low quality), severe (less than 32 to 34 weeks) (3.5% versus 1.4%, RR 2.25, 95% CI 1.79 to 2.82), 24 studies, 3,793,874 participants, very low quality), and extreme prematurity (less than 28 to 30 weeks) (1.0% versus 0.3%, (RR 2.23, 95% CI 1.55 to 3.22, 8 studies, 3,910,629 participants, very low quality), as compared to women who had no treatment.
The risk of overall prematurity was higher for excisional (excision versus no treatment: 11.2% versus 5.5%, RR 1.87, 95% CI 1.64 to 2.12, 53 studies, 4,599,416 participants) than ablative (ablation versus no treatment: 7.7% versus 4.6%, RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.52, 14 studies, 602,370 participants) treatments and the effect was higher for more radical excisional techniques (less than 37 weeks: cold knife conisation (CKC) (RR 2.70, 95% CI 2.14 to 3.40, 12 studies, 39,102 participants), laser conisation (LC) (RR 2.11, 95% CI 1.26 to 3.54, 9 studies, 1509 participants), large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) (RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.81, 25 studies, 1,445,104 participants). Repeat treatment multiplied the risk of overall prematurity (repeat versus no treatment: 13.2% versus 4.1%, RR 3.78, 95% CI 2.65 to 5.39, 11 studies, 1,317,284 participants, very low quality). The risk of overall prematurity increased with increasing cone depth (less than 10 mm to 12 mm versus no treatment: 7.1% versus 3.4%, RR 1.54, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.18, 8 studies, 550,929 participants, very low quality; more than 10 mm to 12 mm versus no treatment: 9.8% versus 3.4%, RR 1.93, 95% CI 1.62 to 2.31, 8 studies, 552,711 participants, low quality; more than 15 mm to 17 mm versus no treatment: 10.1 versus 3.4%, RR 2.77, 95% CI 1.95 to 3.93, 4 studies, 544,986 participants, very low quality; 20 mm or more versus no treatment: 10.2% versus 3.4%, RR 4.91, 95% CI 2.06 to 11.68, 3 studies, 543,750 participants, very low quality). The comparison group affected the magnitude of effect that was higher for external, followed by internal comparators and ultimately women with disease, but no treatment. Untreated women with disease and the pre‐treatment pregnancies of the women who were treated subsequently had higher risk of overall prematurity than the general population (5.9% versus 5.6%, RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.34, 15 studies, 4,357,998 participants, very low quality).
pPROM (6.1% versus 3.4%, RR 2.36, 95% CI 1.76 to 3.17, 21 studies, 477,011 participants, very low quality), low birth weight (7.9% versus 3.7%, RR 1.81, 95% CI 1.58 to 2.07, 30 studies, 1,348,206 participants, very low quality), NICU admission rate (12.6% versus 8.9%, RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.81, 8 studies, 2557 participants, low quality) and perinatal mortality (0.9% versus 0.7%, RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.03, 23 studies, 1,659,433 participants, low quality) were also increased after treatment.
Authors' conclusions
Women with CIN have a higher baseline risk for prematurity. Excisional and ablative treatment appears to further increases that risk. The frequency and severity of adverse sequelae increases with increasing cone depth and is higher for excision than it is for ablation. However, the results should be interpreted with caution as they were based on low or very low quality (GRADE assessment) observational studies, most of which were retrospective.
IMPORTANCE: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a highly disabling but often misdiagnosed disorder. The best management options for patients with SIH are still uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To ...provide an objective summary of the available evidence on the clinical presentation, investigations findings, and treatment outcomes for SIH. DATA SOURCES: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline–compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on SIH. Three databases were searched from inception to April 30, 2020: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane. The following search terms were used in each database: spontaneous intracranial hypotension, low CSF syndrome, low CSF pressure syndrome, low CSF volume syndrome, intracranial hypotension, low CSF pressure, low CSF volume, CSF hypovolemia, CSF hypovolaemia, spontaneous spinal CSF leak, spinal CSF leak, and CSF leak syndrome. STUDY SELECTION: Original studies in English language reporting 10 or more patients with SIH were selected by consensus. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Data on clinical presentation, investigations findings, and treatment outcomes were collected and summarized by multiple observers. Random-effect meta-analyses were used to calculate pooled estimates of means and proportions. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The predetermined main outcomes were the pooled estimate proportions of symptoms of SIH, imaging findings (brain and spinal imaging), and treatment outcomes (conservative, epidural blood patches, and surgical). RESULTS: Of 6878 articles, 144 met the selection criteria and reported on average 53 patients with SIH each (range, 10-568 patients). The most common symptoms were orthostatic headache (92% 95% CI, 87%-96%), nausea (54% 95% CI, 46%-62%), and neck pain/stiffness (43% 95% CI, 32%-53%). Brain magnetic resonance imaging was the most sensitive investigation, with diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement identified in 73% (95% CI, 67%-80%) of patients. Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings were normal in 19% (95% CI, 13%-24%) of patients. Spinal neuroimaging identified extradural cerebrospinal fluid in 48% to 76% of patients. Digital subtraction myelography and magnetic resonance myelography with intrathecal gadolinium had high sensitivity in identifying the exact leak site. Lumbar puncture opening pressures were low, normal (60-200 mm H2O), and high in 67% (95% CI, 54%-80%), 32% (95% CI, 20%-44%), and 3% (95% CI, 1%-6%), respectively. Conservative treatment was effective in 28% (95% CI, 18%-37%) of patients and a single epidural blood patch was successful in 64% (95% CI, 56%-72%). Large epidural blood patches (>20 mL) had better success rates than small epidural blood patches (77% 95% CI, 63%-91% and 66% 95% CI, 55%-77%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension should not be excluded on the basis of a nonorthostatic headache, normal neuroimaging findings, or normal lumbar puncture opening pressure. Despite the heterogeneous nature of the studies available in the literature and the lack of controlled interventional studies, this systematic review offers a comprehensive and objective summary of the evidence on SIH that could be useful in guiding clinical practice and future research.
Purpose
Sepsis is a common reason for intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality in ICU patients. Despite increasing interest in treatment strategies limiting oxygen exposure in ICU patients, ...no trials have compared conservative vs. usual oxygen in patients with sepsis.
Methods
We undertook a post hoc analysis of the 251 patients with sepsis enrolled in a trial that compared conservative oxygen therapy with usual oxygen therapy in 1000 mechanically ventilated ICU patients. The primary end point for the current analysis was 90-day mortality. Key secondary outcomes were cause-specific mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay, ventilator-free days, vasopressor-free days, and the proportion of patients receiving renal replacement therapy in the ICU.
Results
Patients with sepsis allocated to conservative oxygen therapy spent less time in the ICU with an SpO
2
≥ 97% (23.5 h interquartile range (IQR) 8–70 vs. 47 h IQR 11–93, absolute difference, 23 h; 95% CI 8–38), and more time receiving an FiO
2
of 0.21 than patients allocated to usual oxygen therapy (20.5 h IQR 1–79 vs. 0 h IQR 0–10, absolute difference, 20 h; 95% CI 14–26). At 90-days, 47 of 130 patients (36.2%) assigned to conservative oxygen and 35 of 120 patients (29.2%) assigned to usual oxygen had died (absolute difference, 7 percentage points; 95% CI − 4.6 to 18.6% points;
P
= 0.24; interaction
P
= 0.35 for sepsis vs. non-sepsis). There were no statistically significant differences between groups for secondary outcomes but point estimates of treatment effects consistently favored usual oxygen therapy.
Conclusions
Point estimates for the treatment effect of conservative oxygen therapy on 90-day mortality raise the possibility of clinically important harm with this intervention in patients with sepsis; however, our post hoc analysis was not powered to detect the effects suggested and our data do not exclude clinically important benefit or harm from conservative oxygen therapy in this patient group.
Clinical Trials Registry
ICU-ROX Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number ACTRN12615000957594.
El espectro placenta acreta se encuentra en incremento debido a múltiplescausas, especialmente por el aumento de las cesáreas. El diagnóstico supone unreto, pues la mayoría de casos se asocia a ...hemorragia tras el alumbramiento. Laecografía morfológica prenatal debe valorar signos que hagan sospechar acretismoplacentario. Se presenta el caso de una paciente diagnosticada de placenta acretaluego de abundante hemorragia puerperal 48 horas después del alumbramiento querequirió dos legrados uterinos y la administración de metotrexato intramuscular. Encuanto al tratamiento, aunque anteriormente se optaba por el manejo radical, latendencia actual es un manejo conservador con el fin de preservar la fertilidad dela paciente.
No consensus exists among surgeons regarding the optimal treatment of complicated acute appendicitis in children (CAA). Existing studies present heterogeneity of data and only few studies analyzed ...free perforated appendicitis (FPA) separately from appendicular abscess (AAb) and appendicular phlegmon (AP).
Studies which have been judged eligible for this systematic review and consequent meta-analysis are those comparing non-operative management (NOM) with operative management (OM) in children with CAA. Studies were subgrouped between those analyzing mixed patients with CAA, those focusing on patients with AAb/AP and those focusing on patients with FPA.
Fourteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis with a total of 1288 patients. In the fixed-effects model the complication rate was significantly favorable to the initial NOM arm for the AAb/AP subgroup (RR = 0.07, 95%CI = 0.02–0.27) and to the OM arm for the FPA subgroup (RR = 1.86, 95%CI = 1.20–2.87); the re-admission rate was significantly favorable to the initial NOM arm for the AAb/AP subgroup (RR = 0.35, 95%CI = 0.13–0.93) and to the OM arm for the FPA subgroup (RR = 1.49, 95%CI = 1.49–7.44). There was no statistical heterogeneity for the two subgroups of patients. The costs weren't significantly different between NOM and OM. The length of stay was favorable to OM. The pooled proportion rate of NOM success was 90%, the pooled relapse rate of appendicitis was 15.4%.
Children with AAb/AP reported better results in terms of complication rate and re-admission rate if treated with NOM. Conversely children with FPA showed lower complication rate and re-admission rate if treated with OM.
II
BACKGROUND:Although the body of evidence supporting nonoperative management for rectal cancer has been accumulating, there has been little systematic investigation to explore how physicians and ...patients value the tradeoffs between oncologic and functional outcomes after abdominal perineal resection and nonoperative management.
OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to elicit patient and physician preferences for nonoperative management relative to abdominal perineal resection in the setting of low rectal cancer.
DESIGN:We conducted a standardized interviews of patients and a cross-sectional survey of physicians.
SETTINGS:Patients from 1 tertiary care center and physicians from across Canada were included.
PATIENTS:The study involved 50 patients who were previously treated for rectal cancer and 363 physicians who treat rectal cancer.
INTERVENTIONS:Interventions included standardized interviews using the threshold technique with patients and surveys mailed to physicians.
MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES:We measured absolute increase risk in local regrowth and absolute decrease in overall survival that patients and physicians would accept with nonoperative management relative to abdominal perineal resection.
RESULTS:Patients were willing to accept a 20% absolute increase for local regrowth (ie, from 0% to 20%) and a 20% absolute decrease in overall survival (ie, from 80% to 60%) with nonoperative management relative to abdominal perineal resection, whereas physicians were willing to accept a 5% absolute increase for local regrowth (ie, from 0% to 5%) and a 5% absolute decrease in overall survival (ie, from 80% to 75%) with nonoperative management relative to abdominal perineal resection.
LIMITATIONS:Data were subject to response bias and generalizable to only a select group of patients with low rectal cancer.
CONCLUSIONS:Offering nonoperative management as an option to patients, even if oncologic outcomes are not equivalent, may be more consistent with the values of patients in this setting. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A688.
Primary aldosteronism (PA) causes cardiovascular damage in excess to the blood pressure elevation, but there are no prospective studies proving a worse long-term prognosis in adrenalectomized and ...medically treated patients. We have, therefore, assessed the outcome of PA patients according to treatment mode in the PAPY study (Primary Aldosteronism Prevalence in Hypertension) patients, 88.8% of whom were optimally treated patients with primary (essential) hypertension (PH), and the rest had PA and were assigned to medical therapy (6.4%) or adrenalectomy (4.8%). Total mortality was the primary end point; secondary end points were cardiovascular death, major adverse cardiovascular events, including atrial fibrillation, and total cardiovascular events. Kaplan–Meier and Cox analysis were used to compare survival between PA and its subtypes and PH patients. After a median of 11.8 years, complete follow-up data were obtained in 89% of the 1125 patients in the original cohort. Only a trend (P=0.07) toward a worse death-free survival in PA than in PH patients was observed. However, at both univariate (90.0% versus 97.8%; P=0.002) and multivariate analyses (hazard ratio, 1.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–3.08; P=0.025), medically treated PA patients showed a lower atrial fibrillation–free survival than PH patients. By showing that during a long-term follow-up adrenalectomized aldosterone-producing adenoma patients have a similar long-term outcome of optimally treated PH patients, whereas, at variance, medically treated PA patients remain at a higher risk of atrial fibrillation, this large prospective study emphasizes the importance of an early identification of PA patients who need adrenalectomy as a key measure to prevent incident atrial fibrillation.
A 71-year-old man was intubated for respiratory failure related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). He presented with epigastric pain, low blood pressure, and bloody aspirate from a nasogastric ...tube. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed decreased blood flow to the gastric wall and hepatic portal venous air. Emergency laparoscopy was performed for suspected gastric necrosis. During the operation, upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy showed diffuse mucosal erosions, but the gastric serosa appeared intact. Because gastric full-thickness necrosis was ruled out, gastrectomy was not performed. Upper GI endoscopy showed improvement of gastric erosions on postoperative day (POD) 3, and the patient was transferred on POD 65 without any major problems.Gastric ischemia is rare because of the rich collateral blood supply to the stomach. A case of unexplained gastric ischemia that was successfully treated by exploratory laparoscopy and upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy is described.
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