Minimizing electrical losses at metal/silicon interfaces in high-efficiency single-junction silicon solar cells requires the use of carrier-selective passivating contacts. The electronic barrier ...heights at the insulator/silicon interface are necessary for calculating the probability of quantum tunneling of charge carriers at these interfaces. Thus, precise knowledge of these parameters is crucial for the development of contact schemes. Using a photoemission-based method, we experimentally determine the electronic band offsets of Al 2 O 3 , HfO 2 and SiO 2 layers grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on silicon. For Al 2 O 3 /Si, we determine a valence band offset (Δ E V ) and conduction band offset (Δ E C ) of 3.29 ± 0.07 eV and 2.24 ± 0.13 eV, respectively. For HfO 2 /Si, Δ E V and Δ E C are determined as 2.67 ± 0.07 eV and 1.81 ± 0.21 eV, while for SiO 2 /Si, Δ E V and Δ E C are 4.87 ± 0.07 eV and 2.61 ± 0.12 eV, respectively. Using technology computer-aided design simulations, we incorporate our experimental results to estimate the contact resistivity that would be attained at various dielectric layer thicknesses. We find that for achieving the 100 mΩ·cm 2 contact resistivity benchmark, Al 2 O 3 layers should be no thicker than 1.65 nm for a p -type polysilicon-based hole-selective contact, assuming hole tunneling masses taken from the literature. Correspondingly, for HfO 2 and SiO 2 , an upper limit of 1.4 nm is determined as the thickness threshold in order to utilize these ALD-grown layers for contacts in high-performance silicon photovoltaics.
Photodetectors based on two-dimensional materials exhibit excellent performance including high specific detectivity and fast response times. However, the polarization detection performance remains to ...be improved. Here, we propose a strategy to improve the polarization sensitivity of TlPt 2 S 3 -based photodetectors by defect engineering based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations and investigate their optoelectronic properties using quantum transport simulations at 0.2 V bias. Theoretical calculations show that the monolayer TlPt 2 S 3 achieves a multifunctional output of the optoelectronic device and obtains a larger photocurrent and high extinction ratio by defect engineering under linearly polarized light irradiation. These results indicate that TlPt 2 S 3 is expected to be one of the candidate materials for future optoelectronics and polarized light devices.
The propagation of the invasive Spartina alterniflora ( S. alterniflora ) has seriously affected the health of coastal wetland ecosystems in China and thus requires an urgent response. In this ...article, we construct a feature vector set containing phenological and other time-series features based on the google earth engine platform by combining dense time-series images from the sentinel-1 and sentinel-2 satellites. We obtained the dataset of the annual distribution of S. alterniflora in the Yellow river delta from 2016 to 2021 by developing an object-oriented random forest classification model. The results show that S. alterniflora has different phenological features from other wetland plants that played an important role in its classification based on the images. A combination of multiple phenological and temporal features improved the classification accuracy of S. alterniflora (multi-year average overall accuracy: 95.38%; user accuracy: 95.01%; producer accuracy: and 95.17%). Our results suggest that from 2016 to 2021, the growth rate of the area occupied by S. alterniflora was 2.17 km 2 per year, and a new patch of the S. alterniflora appeared in the south of the study area in 2018. The article here provides scientific data to support the monitoring and control of the invasive S. alterniflora at a large scale.
The theory of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-ROFSs) ...proposed by Yager effectively describes fuzzy information in the real world. Because <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-ROFSs contain the parameter <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula> and can adjust the range of expressed fuzzy information, they are superior to both intuitionistic and Pythagorean fuzzy sets. Archimedean T-norm and T-conorm (ATT) is an important tool used to generate operational rules based on the q -rung orthopair fuzzy numbers (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-ROFNs). In comparison, the Bonferroni mean (BM) operator has an advantage because it considers the interrelationships between the different attributes. Therefore, it is an important and meaningful innovation to extend the BM operator to the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-ROFNs based upon the ATT. In this paper, we first discuss <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-rung orthopair fuzzy operational rules by using ATT. Furthermore, we extend BM operator to the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-ROFNs and propose the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q</tex-math></inline-formula>-rung orthopair fuzzy Archimedean BM <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">(q\hbox{-}{ROFABM})</tex-math></inline-formula> operator and the q -rung orthopair fuzzy weighted Archimedean BM <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">(q\hbox{-}{ROFWABM})</tex-math></inline-formula> operator and study their desirable properties. Then, a new multiple-attribute decision-making (MADM) method is developed based on <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">q\hbox{-}{ROFWABM}</tex-math></inline-formula> operator. Finally, we use a practical example to verify effectiveness and superiority by comparing to other existing methods.
Present study demonstrates the fiber-optic localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) based sensitive biosensor for detection of Shigella bacterial species. The proposed sensor is comprised of ...multi-core fiber (MCF) having seven cores arranged in a hexagonal shape and spliced with single-mode fiber (SMF) for efficient detection. An increase in evanescent waves (EWs) and coupling of modes between MCF cores was achieved by etching process in a controlled manner. The etching process also increases the refractive index sensitivity (RIS) of the proposed sensor. Further, coating with nanomaterials like gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) helps in the excitation of localized plasmons. Here, Shigella specific oligonucleotide probes are used as a recognition element. The results demonstrate that the proposed sensor can successfully and efficiently detect the Shigella bacterial species with high sensitivity. Shigella in the range of 10 - 100 CFU/mL (colony-forming unit/mL) can cause serious intestinal infection and therefore, its detection in this range is critical. The proposed sensor demonstrates a linearity range from 1 to 10 9 CFU/mL with a detection time of 5 min and a limit of detection (LoD) of 1.56 CFU/mL. The proposed sensing methodology can be a potential alternative to the commercially existing ones in the near future.
In this research article, we define some categories of open sets over a generalized topological space given together with a primal collection. In addition, we clarify some of its characteristics and ...investigate the relationships between these concepts in the space under consideration. The topic of continuity occupies a large space in topological theory and is one of the most important topics therein. Researchers have examined it in light of many variables. We followed the same approach by studying the concept of continuity between two generalized topological spaces in light of the primal collection under the name (g,P)-continuity. We also made a decomposition of this type of function in light of these weak categories of open sets.
Despite the impressive clustering performance and efficiency in characterizing both the relationship between the data and cluster structure, most existing graph-based multi-view clustering methods ...still have the following drawbacks. They suffer from the expensive time burden due to both the construction of graphs and eigen-decomposition of Laplacian matrix. Moreover, none of them simultaneously considers the similarity of inter-view and similarity of intra-view. In this article, we propose a variance-based de-correlation anchor selection strategy for bipartite construction. The selected anchors not only cover the whole classes but also characterize the intrinsic structure of data. Following that, we present a tensorized bipartite graph learning for multi-view clustering (TBGL). Specifically, TBGL exploits the similarity of inter-view by minimizing the tensor Schatten p -norm, which well exploits both the spatial structure and complementary information embedded in the bipartite graphs of views. We exploit the similarity of intra-view by using the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\ell _{\text {1,2}}</tex-math> <mml:math><mml:msub><mml:mi>ℓ</mml:mi><mml:mtext>1,2</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="gao-ieq1-3187976.gif"/> </inline-formula>-norm minimization regularization and connectivity constraint on each bipartite graph. So the learned graph not only well encodes discriminative information but also has the exact connected components which directly indicates the clusters of data. Moreover, we solve TBGL by an efficient algorithm which is time-economical and has good convergence. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that TBGL is superior to the state-of-the-art methods. Codes and datasets are available: https://github.com/xdweixia/TBGL-MVC .
In this article, we introduce several new extensions of Darbo’s fixed point theorem with newly constructed contraction functions associated with the measure of noncompactness. We apply our new ...extensions to prove the existence of solutions for a system of weighted fractional integral equations in Banach space BC(R+). At the end, we establish an example to show the applicability of our discovery.
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