Negli ultimi decenni gli studi contrastivi continuano ad espandere il loro dominio segnando così l’inizio di una nuova fase: dall’analisi dei fenomeni grammaticali – prevalente negli studi del secolo ...scorso – l’interesse dei ricercatori si sta rivolgendo ora sempre di più verso le differenze comunicative che caratterizzano le lingue e riguardano diversi livelli linguistici, dalle strutture morfosintattiche fino alle proprietà di carattere sociolinguistico e pragmatico. Il punto di partenza di uno studio contrastivo diventano pertanto il testo visto come realizzazione generale di un qualsiasi atto comunicativo e i mezzi linguistici usati per costruirlo. Così (come vedremo nelle sezioni successive) l’analisi si concentra sulle forme usate in un contesto specifico o in una situazione comunicativa prestabilita.
Il presente articolo ha molteplici obiettivi. Oltre a introdurre i contributi del volume, esso si propone di descrivere il testo come oggetto di uno studio contrastivo individuando gli elementi importanti per la sua costruzione; e infine suggerisce possibili strade da seguire nei futuri studi italo-norvegesi, al momento ancora poco numerosi.
L’articolo è diviso in tre parti: la presentazione del testo come materiale per l’analisi contrastiva nella prima sezione sarà seguita, nella seconda sezione, dalla descrizione dei due tipi di analisi effettuata su due livelli (la struttura testuale e le parole usate), e si concluderà nella terza sezione con la presentazione dei contributi di questo volume.
Metals mainly exist in the form of complexes in urban wastewater, fresh water and even drinking water, which are difficult to remove and further harm human health. Fenton-like reaction has been used ...for the removal of metal complexes. Effective removal of metal complexes using Fenton-like reaction requires the removal of both metals and organic ligands, meanwhile, the fate of metals and organic pollutions must be clearly understood. Thus, this review summarizes the relevant research on metal complex removal from using Fenton-like reactions in the past ten years, with the detailed removal approaches and mechanisms analyzed. Electro-, photo-, microwave/ultrasound-Fenton reactions or the synergistic Fenton reaction have been shown to exhibit excellent metal complex treatment capabilities. Furthermore, various catalysts, such as transition metals, bimetals and metal-free catalytic systems can expand the potential applications of Fenton-like reactions. Novel Fenton reaction methods without the addition of metals or H2O2, with construction of a dual active center catalyst, or with the introduction of other free radicals, are all worthy of further investigation. Due to increasing levels of environmental metal and organic pollutions remediation requirements, more research is required for the development of economical and efficient novel Fenton-like processes.
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•The review about metal complexes removal via Fenton reaction is important but scarce.•The mechanisms of different Fenton-like reaction are clarified and compared.•Vast metal or metal-free catalysts enriched the development of metal complex removal.•The prospective metal complexes removal directions via Fenton reaction are elucidated.•Adsorption, membrane, etc. assisted Fenton-like reactions are more promising.
El artículo expone el análisis de la variación de las proyecciones metonímicas de tipo PARTE POR PARTE que presentan el dominio color como fuente en español e inglés con el objetivo de determinar las ...similitudes y las diferencias que presentan estas lenguas de acuerdo con tres criterios: (i) el grado de elaboración conceptual, (ii) la existencia de proyecciones metonímicas comunes y particulares de cada lengua y (iii) el grado de convencionalidad lingüística que presentan. Los datos revelan que existen similitudes entre las lenguas estudiadas con respecto al comportamiento de las proyecciones metonímicas en un nivel básico de jerarquización y que las diferencias se presentan en proyecciones metonímicas pertenecientes a niveles bajos de jerarquización.
There is still a lack of interest in researching affixal negation, especially among linguists, although the phenomenon of construction formation is interesting to explore. It has been understood that ...the negation dichotomy that Klima introduced is still commonly used in classifying the form of negation. It is classified into two forms: sentential and constituent negation. Based on Klima's negation dichotomy, it can be said that affixal negation is part of the subdomain in constituent negation. Indonesian and Japanese used the same strategy in constructing the affixal negation. Both languages use the negative prefix, which attaches to other constituents, to form the affixal negation construction. This research tries to explore and compare the process as well as the principles of forming the affixal negation in both Indonesian and Japanese. The main source of data used for this research is primarily taken from dictionaries and published articles related to negation. The comparison analysis is done using a theoretical contrastive analysis method to determine the contrast features and variables in Indonesian and Japanese affixal negation formation. The analyzed data shows that the borrowed affixes, change of sounds, word element, and derivation process are the main contrast features in affixal negation formation, especially in Indonesian and Japanese. In addition, the affixation process, role, and flexibility are the variable features during affixal negation formation in both languages.
This study investigates the structure of words in Patani Malay and Thai to determine the similarities and differences in the marker of the two languages through contrastive analysis studies. The data ...used in this study are collected from Patani Malay speakers who can speak the Patani Malay language well. They can remember most Patani Malay vocabulary and communicate with others on various topics. They can also tell stories or explain something with their language and still use their language in daily life. The informants are students, teachers, merchants, fishermen, farmers, and retirement people. This study indicates that the structure of words in Patani Malay and Thai languages has similarities and differences in rules. The equation includes the addition of affixes, compounding, and reduplication. The differences in the rule of the word in Patani Malay and Thai include the position of affixation, reduplication of the root and assigning an ‘emphatic high tone’, and semantic reduplication.
In recent years, several research and disciplinary areas have been focusing on analysing and developing theoretical concepts about genres and genre relations (Bronckart 1997; Adam 2008; Maingueneau ...2014; Swales 2004; Devitt 2004; i.a.). As a result, multiple concepts related to genres have been introduced. However, these concepts are not always clearly described, distinguished or characterized. This paper intends to present and to define different proposals by several authors (Rastier 2001; Swales 2004; Devitt 2004) and to compare them with other theoretical reflections about the same issues (Adam 2011; Maingueneau 2014). This contrastive analysis shows that misconceptions may arise as a consequence of using the same label to refer to different concepts and adopting different labels to refer to the same concept. Occasionally, possible examples of conceptual overlapping were detected. These reflections are, therefore, intended as a contribution to ensure that the concepts are more clearly understood.
Discourse representation deals with language structures which has crucial role not only for the text, but also for social practices. Newspaper is one of the real implementations of discourse ...representation because newspaper comprises several components in discourse representation. Newspaper in every country is made based on its language and every newspaper has difference and similarity in terms of discourse representation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the contrastive analysis of discourse representation in Indonesia newspaper and English newspaper reports. The subjects of this study were KOMPAS as representative of Indonesia newspaper and Jakarta Post as representative of English newspaper. This present study applied descriptive qualitative design which focused on representing verbs and modes of discourse representation (direct and indirect discourse). The findings of this study were that both newspapers have differences and similarities even though the difference was not quite dominant. The similarity of these newspapers could be seen from the use of reporting verbs and indirect discourse which were more dominant than the other parts in discourse representation. The difference could be seen also from representing verbs and modes of discourse representation. Although, reporting verbs are majority parts in Indonesia newspaper and English newspaper, but several words in Indonesia had the same translation into English. Manner of speaking verbs, mental verbs were still rare found in Indonesia newspaper. In Indonesia newspaper had only direct and indirect discourse, while in English newspaper had direct, indirect, free direct discourse, and indirect discourse in headline. In short, these newspapers have contrastive analysis in terms of discourse representation.
This study’s main focus was describing adjectives’ characteristics in English and Indonesian. It examined the similarities and differences in the features of adjectives in the two languages through a ...parallel comparison using the contrastive analysis approach. Data were collected from linguistics books from both languages. The results indicated that similarities and differences are found almost in all aspects of adjectives in both languages when analysed from the viewpoint of their classifications according to their forms, formations, meanings, and positions. At the morphological level, the reduplication form found and shared in Indonesian is not found in English. The habits of using Indonesian reduplication adjectives, which denote something done repeatedly and used for emphasis, tend to make Indonesian learners apply this rule to English. Both languages use different systems in terms of affixation as the formation of adjectives. English adjectives only have two kinds of affixes, namely prefix and suffix, while Indonesian ones have four kinds of affixes such as prefix, infix, confix, and suffix. The differences between native and foreign languages in forms, formations, meanings, and positions cause learning and teaching process difficulties. By knowing and understanding similarities and especially differences, teachers and students can solve the problems of learning and teaching English adjectives since these differences are the fundamental aspects of the problems faced by Indonesian native speakers when studying the target language. Consequently, having a good understanding of this critical aspect of the English language can reduce problems of learning and teaching English to Indonesian native speakers.
The translational language not only has its independence as the third code, but also claims the necessity and plausibility to be adopted into the frame of contrastive analysis（CA）. It signifies that ...CA has entered "a third space" as a natural course with significant expansion of connotations. This would cause major changes in terms of theoretical approach and methodology for CA. In addition to the traditional single mode of a contrast between two languages, four more contrastive modes are proposed to establish a new system of CA: a contrast among source language, translational language and target language, a contrast between translational languages, a CA-based translation study, and an analysis of modulations of the target language as the result of the translational influence of the source language. The new system of CA goes beyond the comparison of two languages but to the interactive relations among the three codes which might throw light on promoting harmony and mutual learning among civilizations.
Within the framework of the VITALEX project, we intend to analyze the vitality’s degree and the kind of survival of the words and things of the local council of Mairena, in La Alpujarra. It is done ...through a contrastive study with the data provided by ALEA in the 1950s. This analysis of vitality delves into the lexical change produced in this period of time through the investigation of the different degrees of vitality which go from maintenance to total loss and also through the study of the direct and indirect types of knowledge.
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