El hipercortisolismo es una enfermedad rara, con afección de múltiples sistemas, asociada a elevada morbilidad y mortalidad sino es tratada a tiempo. El sistema cardiovascular es uno de los que más ...se afecta en esta enfermedad. El pronóstico de la enfermedad se ve afectado principalmente por las dificultades en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento, los cuales siguen siendo un desafío actualmente. El síndrome de Cushing se clasifica como dependiente o independiente de hormona adrenocorticotrópica (ACTH). Los ACTH dependientes son los más comunes. Los ACTH independientes corresponden a menos de 15% de los casos y son causados por enfermedades suprarrenales. A continuación, describimos los casos de los tres pacientes, a quienes se les estableció el diagnóstico de síndrome de Cushing de origen adrenal y se realiza una revisión acerca de los tópicos principales en este tema.
The diagnosis of Cushing syndrome (CS) can be challenging. It remains to be determined which diagnostic tests are the most accurate.
To summarize the accuracy of diagnostic tests for CS using ...contemporary meta-analytic techniques (hierarchical models).
PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews (inception until August 3, 2018).
Studies performed in adults that determined the accuracy of one or more diagnostic tests: overnight 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST), 2-day low-dose DST (2d DST), 24-hour urinary free cortisol (UFC), late-night salivary cortisol (LNSC), midnight serum cortisol (MSC), and the dexamethasone-suppressed CRH (dex-CRH) and desmopressin (dex-DDAVP) tests.
Two authors independently extracted data and performed methodological assessments.
One hundred thirty-nine studies (14 140 participants) were included in the analysis. The respective sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio (95% confidence interval CI) estimates include the following: DST 98.6% (96.9%-99.4%), 90.6% (86.4%-93.6%), 10.5 (7.2-15.3), and 0.016 (0.007-0.035); 2d DST 95.3% (91.3%-97.5%), 92.8% (85.7%-96.5%), 13.2 (6.47-27.1), and 0.051 (0.027-0.095); UFC 94.0% (91.6%-95.7%), 93.0% (89.0%-95.5%), 13.3 (8.47-21.0), and 0.065 (0.046-0.092); LNSC 95.8% (93.%-97.2%), 93.4% (90.7%-95.4%), 14.6 (10.3-20.7), and 0.045 (0.030-0.066); MSC 96.1% (93.5%-97.6%), 93.2% (88.1%-96.3%), 14.2 (7.96-25.2), and 0.042 (0.026-0.069); and dex-CRH 98.6% (90.4%-99.8%), 85.9% (67.6%-94.7%), 7.0 (2.80-17.6), and 0.016 (0.002-0.118). A single study evaluated dex-DDAVP. Meta-regression and a novel network meta-analytic approach suggest that DST is the most sensitive while UFC is the least sensitive.
All of the included diagnostic tests for CS are highly sensitive and specific. It appears that the DST is the most sensitive while the UFC is less sensitive. The specificity of all first-line tests appears comparable.
Abstract The steroid cortisol is an extensively studied and important variable in developmental and other behavioral studies. Cortisol has been assayed by various methods using a range of substrates ...including blood, saliva, and urine. Cortisol in blood exists in two forms. While most is bound to carrier proteins, a small portion exists in a soluble free form. The informed choice of cortisol fraction and measurement method is critical for research. Such choices should be influenced by understanding the characteristics of the various cortisol fractions, along with their binding proteins' biological functions and relationship to the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. The goal of this paper is to familiarize researchers with key points for evaluating the choice of total and free cortisol in research as well reviewing various options for measuring free cortisol. These points are raised with special emphasis on their significance during pregnancy and the post-partum. Such information may prove useful in informing researcher's cortisol-related protocols and in the interpretation of cortisol data.
Several reports in the literature have identified an association between cortisol levels and the presence of chronic pain in conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, low back pain or whiplash. In ...contrast, few have examined the association of cortisol and pain in people with osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this systematic review was to verify the association between cortisol and pain in the OA population.
The databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE were searched systematically for human studies written in English up to December 2018. Two researchers screened titles and abstracts against predefined inclusion criteria; a third resolved discrepancies. Articles were included if they measured the cortisol levels in adults with pain in the OA population. Methodological quality was assessed using Methodological Index for non-randomized Studies (MINORS) score.
Seven studies reporting on 415 patients were included in this review. The MINORS scale yielded mean scores of 8.6 of 16 and 17.5 of 24, for the cohort and case–control studies respectively. In general, the studies were of poor quality. A discrepancy of noteworthy associations between cortisol level comparison and pain was found.
This study shows that there is a discrepancy in the relationship between cortisol and pain dependent on how and when cortisol is measured. Evidence from three low-quality studies suggest increased cortisol levels in patients with pain but the conclusions have a high risk of bias. It was not possible to make a quantitative analysis comparing the relationship between cortisol and pain in the OA population.
•Changes in HPA axis functioning assumed as a result of child maltreatment (CM).•This meta-analysis revealed blunted cortisol stress reactivity in CM exposed group.•No overall effects were found for ...any other HPA axis activity measure.•Sex and study quality accounted for some of the between-study heterogeneity.•Methodological flaws of primary studies hamper comprehensive conclusion.
Alterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and its effector hormone cortisol have been proposed as one possible mechanism linking child maltreatment experiences to health disparities. In this series of meta-analyses, we aimed to quantify the existing evidence on the effect of child maltreatment on various measures of HPA axis activity. The systematic literature search yielded 1,858 records, of which 87 studies (k = 132) were included. Using random-effects models, we found evidence for blunted cortisol stress reactivity in individuals exposed to child maltreatment. In contrast, no overall differences were found in any of the other HPA axis activity measures (including measures of daily activity, cortisol assessed in the context of pharmacological challenges and cumulative measures of cortisol secretion). The impact of several moderators (e.g., sex, psychopathology, study quality), the role of methodological shortcomings of existing studies, as well as potential directions for future research are discussed.
INTRODUCTION: Cortisol concentration is measured in blood, urine, and saliva samples. It has been recently proven that cortisol could also be detected in hair samples. Cortisol measurements in ...different samples have their own individual characteristics and clinical utility. We aimed to investigate the correlation between hair cortisol concentration and standard cortisol measurements used in clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty adult volunteers with a negative history of endocrine disorders were enrolled in the study. Morning serum cortisol (MSC), evening serum cortisol (ESC), evening free salivary cortisol (EFSC), urine free cortisol (UFC), and hair cortisol concentration (HCC) were analysed in all participants. Eventually, 41 volunteers were included into the study, whose cortisol concentration in the 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (1 mg ONDST) were < 50 nmol/L, and cortisol levels in serum, saliva, and urine were within reference ranges. Hair cortisol concentration test was performed for 20 mg of hair strands of the proximal 1 cm hair segments. RESULTS: Hair cortisol concentration ranged from 0.3036 to 2.65 nmol/mg, and the average value was 0.8125 ± 0.4834 nmol/mg. No significant correlations were found between HCC and MSC (rho = 0.04419, p = 0.7838), HCC and ESC (rho = –0.2071, p = 0.1938), HCC and EFSC (rho = 0.1005, p = 0.532), or HCC and UFC (rho = 0.1793, p = 0.262).Conclusions: This work is another step in the discussion on the application of HCC determinations in clinical practice. Our results have showed no correlations between HCC and single point cortisol assessment in blood, saliva, and urine in patients with reference cortisol levels.
Maternal control strategy refers to a mother’s practices used to impel, inhibit, guide, or shape their children’s behaviors during mother-child interaction. The present study examined control ...strategies used by Chinese urban mothers and how they associated with infants’ cortisol trajectory and infant-mother cortisol synchrony during a separation task. Participants were 115 infant-mother dyads. Maternal control strategy was assessed during mother-infant free-play when the infants were 6 months (T1) and 1 year (T2) old. Salivary cortisol samples were collected from both infants and mothers during a stress-inducing task at T2. The results indicated that mothers most frequently adopted the moderate power control strategy, at both T1 and T2. T1 maternal low control strategy significantly predicted infants’ cortisol response curve, namely infants of mothers who predominantly adopted a low power control strategy had a more dynamic reactivity and recovery in their cortisol response to the separation task. Positive cortisol synchrony was observed between mothers and infants during the separation stress condition. In addition, T2 maternal high power control strategy accounted for inter-individual variations in infant-mother cortisol synchrony, such that mothers who predominantly adopted a high power control strategy exhibited a heightened level of cortisol synchrony with their infants. Our findings suggest that targeted training in maternal control strategies could help mothers calibrate their infants’ adrenocortical regulation.
•Mothers used moderate control most frequently when infants were 6 months (T1) and 1 year (T2).•T1 maternal low control significantly predicted infants’ cortisol response curve.•Mothers and infants showed positive cortisol synchrony across the separation stress condition.•T2 maternal high control explained individual variation in infant-mother cortisol synchrony.
We aimed to investigate the association between serum cortisol, testosterone, and cortisol/testosterone (C/T) ratio and stroke.
A total of 6157 subjects were included in this study. The serum levels ...of cortisol and testosterone were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The relationships of serum cortisol, testosterone, and C/T ratio levels with the odds ratios (ORs) of stroke were calculated using logistic regression analysis. The dose-response associations between serum cortisol, testosterone, and C/T ratio levels with stroke estimated by restricted cubic splines.
After adjusting for multiple variables, serum testosterone levels were negactively associated with stroke in males (per 1 unit, odds ratio (OR) = 0.83, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.70, 0.97). The serum C/T ratio is positively associated with stroke in both males and females (OR = 1.16, 95 % CI:1.04,1.34 in males and OR = 1.15, 95 % CI:1.02,1.31 in females). Restricted cubic splines showed a significant linear dose-response relationship between testosterone and C/T ratio and stroke in males (P for overall association <0.05, P for nonlinearity >0.05).
Our study findings show that serum testosterone levels are negatively correlated with stroke in males; meanwhile, serum C/T ratio is positively correlated with stroke in both males and females.
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