Dans le cadre de la sémantique argumentative, l’interprétation argumentative s’effectue selon deux méthodes, dont l’une consiste à déterminer les termes d’un « enchaînement argumentatif », discours ...argumentatif servant à représenter le sens d’un énoncé. Cet article vise à montrer que dans une telle interprétation on peut exploiter de diverses manières le contexte, en particulier le cotexte, de l’énoncé à interpréter, ce qui conduit à repenser la notion de contexte.
Within the framework of argumentative semantics, argumentative interpretation takes place using two methods, one of which consists in determining the terms of an "argumentative chaining”, an argumentative discourse used to represent the meaning of an utterance. The aim of this article is to show that in such an interpretation, the context, and in particular the cotext, of the utterance to be interpreted can be exploited in various ways, which leads to rethink the notion of context.
Abstract
This paper deals with several aspects of context in lexicography. Section 1 briefly mentions some different approaches to the concept context in various fields. Section 2 puts the focus on ...different uses and perceptions of the concept context in lexicography, contrasting it with related concepts, such as cotext, contextualization and contextual information. A more comprehensive discussion also covers different aspects of the occurrence of the concept context in dictionary research, with specific reference to central aspects of the so-called inner and outer context. Various portals, dictionaries and dictionary entries will illustrate the above-mentioned approaches. Section 3 approaches the subject from a user perspective. Section 4 addresses the question How can contextual data be extracted or generated? To answer this question, some methods and tools for (automatic) acquisition and analysis of contextual data, – in particular of the local contextual data in terms of Faber and León-Araúz (2016) – are introduced. Examples of these are lexical databases or semantic networks, like WordNet, and corpora, like Sketch Engine, or predictive methods, like Word2vec and similar ones. Some advantages and disadvantages of specific data acquisition tools used for the analysis of local contextual data are indicated. This section also contributes to a more detailed discussion of the automatic generation of the so-called local syntactic-semantic context or word environment, specifically of the building of syntactic-semantic argument patterns and their examples.
What is Existence? A Matter of Co(n)text Barbero, Carola; Domaneschi, Filippo; Enrici, Ivan ...
Acta analytica : philosophy and psychology,
03/2024, Letnik:
39, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In this paper, we present some experimental findings whose best explanation, first of all, provides a positive answer to a philosophical question in ontology as to whether, in the overall domain of ...beings, there are fictional characters (
ficta
) over and above concrete individuals. Moreover, since such findings arise out of different comparisons between fictional characters and concrete individuals on the one hand and fictional characters again and non-items that do not belong at all to such an overall domain on the other hand, they also suggest that
ficta
are allowed as inhabiting a particular subrealm of that domain distinct from the one inhabited by concrete individuals, as previous findings in cognitive psychology had suggested.
Addressing equivalence prevails in a dictionary article when all the translation equivalents in the translation equivalent paradigm are represented in the target language examples in the cotext ...section and each target language example contains a translation equivalent that appears in the translation equivalent paradigm. The disruption of this equivalence takes place as a result of the procedures of underaddressing (when not all the translation equivalents in the translation equivalent paradigm are represented in the target language examples in the cotext section) and overaddressing (when target language examples contain translation equivalents that do not appear in the translation equivalent paradigm). In a polyfunctional bilingual dictionary addressing equivalence represents the ideal addressing structure between translation equivalent paradigm and cotext section. In Afrikaans bilingual dictionaries, addressing equivalence is rare, but this seems to be the case in bilingual dictionaries of other languages also. Although instances of underaddressing can be neutralised relatively easily, a deeper investigation into overaddressing has found that most target language examples that seem to be symptomatic of overaddressing indeed contribute to communicative equivalence in spite of a would-be deficient addressing structure. This is because these target language examples do not function as true examples (that illustrate the behaviour of translation equivalents), but are in fact cotextual specifiers that represent a functional procedure of contextual translation equivalent exclusion, through which the target user is advised of the non-usability of the translation equivalents offered in the translation equivalent paradigm in certain contexts. This finding requires a re-appreciation of addressing structures in general and the principle of addressing equivalence in particular.
This article focuses on various aspects regarding contextualization when e-texts are linked to integrated dictionaries. The article responds to a twofold problem statement: (1) Dictionaries linked to ...e-texts do not sufficiently take into account the contextualization and cotextualization of words when providing information to users. (2) The integrated dictionary may contain the items needed for contextualization and cotextualization, but the e-device cannot interpret the context of a word and link the word to the relevant item in the dictionary article. The aim of the article is to show the need of linking a word from a text on an e-device to the correct sense in the integrated dictionary. This presupposes dynamic dictionary articles and lexicographic structures in which a relation between words in an e-text and user-specified lexicographic sources is established. Some existing projects that perform such linking are discussed and evaluated. Based on these results this article makes some suggestions. It is foreseen that there will be a "black box" of software between the selected word and the dictionary that will determine the correct lemma and sense to be selected from the e-dictionary. Having discussed various alternatives, the article suggests parallel contextualization between the dictionary and the software of the e-device. Many aspects discussed in this article require further research. Relevant proposals are made with regard to this research.
Examples and Overaddressing in Bilingual Dictionaries. Addressing equivalence prevails in a dictionary article when all the translation equivalents in the translation equivalent paradigm are ...represented in the target language examples in the cotext section and each target language example contains a translation equivalent that appears in the translation equivalent paradigm. The disruption of this equivalence takes place as a result of the procedures of underaddressing (when not all the translation equivalents in the translation equivalent paradigm are represented in the target language examples in the cotext section) and overaddressing (when target language examples contain translation equivalents that do not appear in the translation equivalent paradigm). In a polyfunctional bilingual dictionary addressing equivalence represents the ideal addressing structure between translation equivalent paradigm and cotext section. In Afrikaans bilingual dictionaries, addressing equivalence is rare, but this seems to be the case in bilingual dictionaries of other languages also. Although instances of underaddressing can be neutralised relatively easily, a deeper investigation into overaddressing has found that most target language examples that seem to be symptomatic of overaddressing indeed contribute to communicative equivalence in spite of a would-be deficient addressing structure. This is because these target language examples do not function as true examples (that illustrate the behaviour of translation equivalents), but are in fact cotextual specifiers that represent a functional procedure of contextual translation equivalent exclusion, through which the target user is advised of the non-usability of the translation equivalents offered in the translation equivalent paradigm in certain contexts. This finding requires a re-appreciation of addressing structures in general and the principle of addressing equivalence in particular. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Adresseringsekwivalensie geld in 'n woordeboekartikel wanneer al die vertaalekwivalente in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma neerslag vind in die doeltaalvoorbeelde in die koteksafdeling en elke ...doeltaalvoorbeeld 'n vertaalekwivalent bevat wat in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma voorkom. Die versteuring van hierdie ekwivalensie vind plaas deur prosedures van onderadressering (wanneer nie al die vertaalekwivalente in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma in doeltaalvoorbeelde in die koteksafdeling neerslag vind nie) en ooradressering (wanneer doeltaalvoorbeelde vertaalekwivalente bevat wat nie in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma voorkom nie). In 'n polifunksionele tweetalige woordeboek verteenwoordig adresseringsekwivalensie die ideale adresseringstruktuur tussen vertaalekwivalentparadigma en koteksafdeling. In Afrikaanse tweetalige woordeboeke is adresseringsekwivalensie egter skaars, maar dit blyk in tweetalige woordeboeke van ander tale ook die geval te wees. Hoewel gevalle van onderadressering relatief maklik geneutraliseer kan word, bevind 'n dieper ondersoek na gevalle van ooradressering dat die meeste doeltaalvoorbeelde wat simptomaties van ooradressering blyk te wees, wel tot kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie bydra ten spyte van 'n oënskynlik gebrekkige adresseringstruktuur. Dít is omdat hierdie doeltaalvoorbeelde nie as ware voorbeelde (wat die optrede van vertaalekwivalente illustreer) funksioneer nie, maar in der waarheid optree as kotekstuele spesifiseerders wat 'n funksionele prosedure van kontekstuele vertaalekwivalentuitsluiting verteenwoordig, waardeur die teikengebruiker gewys word op die nié-bruikbaarheid van die aangebode vertaalekwivalente in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma in bepaalde kontekste. Hierdie bevinding noop 'n herwaardering van adresseringstrukture in die algemeen en die beginsel van adresseringsekwivalensie in die besonder. Examples and overaddressing in bilingual dictionaries Addressing equivalence prevails in a dictionary article when all the translation equivalents in the translation equivalent paradigm are represented in the target language examples in the cotext section and each target language example contains a translation equivalent that appears in the translation equivalent paradigm. The disruption of this equivalence takes place as a result of the procedures of underaddressing (when not all the translation equivalents in the translation equivalent paradigm are represented in the target language examples in the cotext section) and overaddressing (when target language examples contain translation equivalents that do not appear in the translation equivalent paradigm). In a polyfunctional bilingual dictionary addressing equivalence represents the ideal addressing structure between translation equivalent paradigm and cotext section. In Afrikaans bilingual dictionaries, addressing equivalence is rare, but this seems to be the case in bilingual dictionaries of other languages also. Although instances of underaddressing can be neutralised relatively easily, a deeper investigation into overaddressing has found that most target language examples that seem to be symptomatic of overaddressing indeed contribute to communicative equivalence in spite of a would-be deficient addressing structure. This is because these target language examples do not function as true examples (that illustrate the behaviour of translation equivalents), but are in fact cotextual specifiers that represent a functional procedure of contextual translation equivalent exclusion, through which the target user is advised of the non-usability of the translation equivalents offered in the translation equivalent paradigm in certain contexts. This finding requires a re-appreciation of addressing structures in general and the principle of addressing equivalence in particular.
Adresseringsekwivalensie geld in 'n woordeboekartikel wanneer al die vertaalekwivalente in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma neerslag vind in die doeltaalvoorbeelde in die koteksafdeling en elke ...doeltaalvoorbeeld 'n vertaalekwivalent bevat wat in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma voorkom. Die versteuring van hierdie ekwivalensie vind plaas deur prosedures van onderadressering (wanneer nie al die vertaalekwivalente in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma in doeltaalvoorbeelde in die koteksafdeling neerslag vind nie) en ooradressering (wanneer doeltaalvoorbeelde vertaalekwivalente bevat wat nie in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma voorkom nie). In 'n polifunksionele tweetalige woordeboek verteenwoordig adresseringsekwivalensie die ideale adresseringstruktuur tussen vertaalekwivalentparadigma en koteksafdeling. In Afrikaanse tweetalige woordeboeke is adresseringsekwivalensie egter skaars, maar dit blyk in tweetalige woordeboeke van ander tale ook die geval te wees. Hoewel gevalle van onderadressering relatief maklik geneutraliseer kan word, bevind 'n dieper ondersoek na gevalle van ooradressering dat die meeste doeltaalvoorbeelde wat simptomaties van ooradressering blyk te wees, wel tot kommunikatiewe ekwivalensie bydra ten spyte van 'n oënskynlik gebrekkige adresseringstruktuur. Dít is omdat hierdie doeltaalvoorbeelde nie as ware voorbeelde (wat die optrede van vertaalekwivalente illustreer) funksioneer nie, maar in der waarheid optree as kotekstuele spesifiseerders wat 'n funksionele prosedure van kontekstuele vertaalekwivalentuitsluiting verteenwoordig, waardeur die teikengebruiker gewys word op die nié-bruikbaarheid van die aangebode vertaalekwivalente in die vertaalekwivalentparadigma in bepaalde kontekste. Hierdie bevinding noop 'n herwaardering van adresseringstrukture in die algemeen en die beginsel van adresseringsekwivalensie in die besonder. Examples and overaddressing in bilingual dictionaries Addressing equivalence prevails in a dictionary article when all the translation equivalents in the translation equivalent paradigm are represented in the target language examples in the cotext section and each target language example contains a translation equivalent that appears in the translation equivalent paradigm. The disruption of this equivalence takes place as a result of the procedures of underaddressing (when not all the translation equivalents in the translation equivalent paradigm are represented in the target language examples in the cotext section) and overaddressing (when target language examples contain translation equivalents that do not appear in the translation equivalent paradigm). In a polyfunctional bilingual dictionary addressing equivalence represents the ideal addressing structure between translation equivalent paradigm and cotext section. In Afrikaans bilingual dictionaries, addressing equivalence is rare, but this seems to be the case in bilingual dictionaries of other languages also. Although instances of underaddressing can be neutralised relatively easily, a deeper investigation into overaddressing has found that most target language examples that seem to be symptomatic of overaddressing indeed contribute to communicative equivalence in spite of a would-be deficient addressing structure. This is because these target language examples do not function as true examples (that illustrate the behaviour of translation equivalents), but are in fact cotextual specifiers that represent a functional procedure of contextual translation equivalent exclusion, through which the target user is advised of the non-usability of the translation equivalents offered in the translation equivalent paradigm in certain contexts. This finding requires a re-appreciation of addressing structures in general and the principle of addressing equivalence in particular.
The study, an acoustic analysis of Salentin Italian variety vowels,attempts a search on the vowel reduction phenomenon, a typical feature of speech who appears in different cases. The vowel reduction ...is tied to phonetic context, and also to systematic effects of prosodic structure on vowels articulation. We try to identify the different types of vowel reduction, and to establish the differences between them to verify the context influence.
Article 37 (A) of Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran (2013)referes to "one or two degrees of decrease in incarceration ". The wordingof the article makes two interpretations of the ...word "decrease" possible;according to the first interpretation, the word has a general meaning andcontains both "reduction and substitution". The interpretation is based onthree arguments, i.e. legislative intent, context (internal criminal co-text)and the rule of interpretation in favor of the accused. While criticizing thefirst interpretation, the present essay supports the second interpretation withreference to the semantic meaning, legislative history, purpose of legislation,and various contexts. According to the second interpretation, the word"decrease" in this article only means "reduction of the punishment"; hence,the substitution of another more proper punishment for incarceration willnot be possible according to article 37 (A).
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