The application of plant dyes in the textile industry has been very limited due to their limited sources, incomplete color space, and narrow color gamut, etc. Therefore, studies of the color ...properties and color gamut of natural dyes and the corresponding dyeing processes are essential for completing the color space of natural dyes and their application. In this study, water extract from the bark of Phellodendron amurense (P. amurense) was used as a dye. Dyeing properties, color gamut, and color evaluation of dyed cotton fabrics were studied, and optimal dyeing conditions were obtained. The results showed that the optimal dyeing process was pre-mordanting with liquor ratio at 1:50, P. amurense dye concentration at 5.2 g/L, mordant concentration (aluminum potassium sulfate) at 5 g/L, dyeing temperature at 70 °C, dyeing time of 30 min, mordanting time of 15 min, and pH 5. Through the optimization of the dyeing process, a maximum color gamut range was obtained with lightness L* value from 74.33 to 91.23, a* value from −0.89 to 2.96, b* value from 4.62 to 34.08, chroma C* value from 5.49 to 34.09, and hue angle h° value from 57.35° to 91.57°. Colors from light yellow to dark yellow were obtained, among which 12 colors were identified according to the Pantone Matching Systems. The color fastness against soap-washing, rubbing, and sunlight on the dyed cotton fabrics all reached grade 3 level or above, further expanding the applicability of natural dyes.
•Flame retardant cotton fabrics with fully bio-based coating from chitosan (CS) and phytate (AP) were successfully prepared.•CS/AP/cotton presented lower TSP values, better antibacterial properties ...and tensile strength.•Flame retardant samples can be utilized to decorate walls as well as made theater curtains.
In this study, a fully bio-based coating was constructed by layer-by-layer deposition of chitosan (CS) and ammonium phytate (AP), to obtain fire-safety and antibacterial cotton fabrics. With about 8% weight gains of CS/AP coatings, the treated cotton fabrics self-extinguished in the vertical burning test. The data obtained from cone calorimetry showed CS/AP/cotton had much lower smoke and heat production, which indicated the fire safety of the fabrics was significantly improved for the presence of CS/AP coatings. The flame-retardant mechanism of this system was finally proposed according to the analysis of gaseous products and char residues. What is more, CS/AP coatings had higher antibacterial activity in Gram-negative bacteria and did improve the tensile strength of cotton fabrics compared with AP coating. With its ease of operation and use of non-toxic chemicals, this fully bio-based coating can further offer a feasible flame-retardant and antibacterial solution of the inflammable natural fabrics.
Structural color is an important way to achieve the ecological coloring of textiles. SiO2 microspheres with sizes in the range of 200–337 nm were synthesized by the Stober method and then covered ...with highly light-absorbing melanin PDA to form SiO2@PDA photonic crystals. The SiO2@PDA photonic crystals were assembled onto the surface of white cotton fabrics by gravity deposition to achieve structural color. The addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) enhances interfacial bonding by forming multiple hydrogen bonds between its lactam group and the phenolic hydroxyl group of PDA, resulting in a structured color cotton fabric with high color fastness. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the structure and morphology of SiO2@PDA microspheres. The chemical compositions of PDA and PVP were surveyed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface structural color of cotton fabrics was investigated by UV–Vis reflectance spectroscopy.
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•SiO2@PDA microspheres to achieve structural coloring of white cotton fabrics.•Modulation of SiO2 microsphere size can obtain a variety of structural colors.•PVP enhances color fastness of SiO2@PDA structured color cotton fabrics.
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•An eco-friendly biomass-based flame-retardant coating was developed to cotton fabrics.•The coating neither used elements such as Cl, Br, P nor organic solvents.•The coating exhibited ...excellent durability due to the action like dyestuff fixing.•The flame-retardant mechanism of the coating was revealed in detail.
Inspired by the classic dye-fixing process, a novel eco-friendly biomass-based coating that neither used traditional elements such as Cl, Br, P nor toxic organic solvents was first developed to endow cotton fabrics with durable flame retardancy from biomass tannin (TA), tartar emetic (TE), and Fe2+. In this coating system, TA used as a charring agent was fixed onto the fiber surface of cotton fabric by TE in water via the action like dyestuff fixing, while Fe2+ coordinated with the hydroxyl of TATE can catalyze TA and cotton fibers to form graphited stable carbon residues for achieving high flame retardance. Consequently, the resultant fabrics showed great flame retardance with excellent durability. Even after 100 laundering or friction cycles, their limiting oxygen index values of ~27.0% hardly changed. And the washed flame-retardant cotton fabrics still easily passed the horizontal flammability test with an extremely low destroy spread speed. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscope, and cone calorimeter test results all confirmed the durability of the coating. The flame-retardant mechanism analysis demonstrated that the coating could promote the cotton fibers to form dense and regular graphitized carbon layers and effectively protect the matrix from decomposing to flammable gases under high temperatures. In addition to durable flame retardancy, the mechanical properties and hydrophilicity of cotton were slightly influenced by the flame-retardant coating. This eco-friendly biomass-based flame-retardant coating provides a new strategy for fabricating green flame-retardant systems without using hazardous compounds.
In this study, a hyperbranched polymer (HBP) with a hydrophobic backbone and hydrophilic adhesive catechol side chains was synthesized through the Michael addition reaction between multi-vinyl ...monomers with dopamine. Underwater adhesion experiments demonstrated that HBP had rapidly strong adhesion. Using HBP as the wall material and lavender essential oil (LO) as the core material, catechol-hyperbranched nanocapsules (CHNPs) with good adhesion and acidic responsive properties were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Subsequently, ACFs with good wash resistance were prepared by impregnation and further introduction of Fe3+. After 25 washing cycles, the retention rate of LO in CF treated solely with CHNPs solution (CHNPs@CF) was only 9.7 %, whereas the retention rate increased to 17.8 % for CHNPs@CF treated with FeCl3 solution (Fe3+/CHNPs@CF). The persistent adhesion of CHNPs on cotton fabrics (CF) is achieved by hydrogen bonding and Fe3+-catechol coordination bonding. These results confirm the significant potential of CHNPs in aromatic textile applications and it is expected to promote the diversified development of functional textiles.
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•HBP imparts the shell layer of CHNPs with abundant catechol structures.•CHNPs exhibit a distinctive acidic response mechanism, sustained adhesive properties and outstanding biocompatibility.•CHNPs can be persistently attached to the cotton fabric by hydrogen and metal coordination bonds.•Cotton fabrics treated with CHNPs demonstrate remarkable washing resistance properties.
Cotton fabric has been processed into hierarchically porous carbon with a two-step chemical-free method, i.e. carbonization in nitrogen and controlled thermal oxidation in air. By optimizing thermal ...oxidation temperature, large surface area of 777 m2/g could be achieved in cotton fabric derived carbon. The processed carbon remained the micron-meter tubular structure (same as cotton fiber), while meso-/micro-pores were also generated on tube wall. This uniquely structured porous carbon was then doped with nitrogen via a thermal pyrolysis process by using melamine as nitrogen source. The nitrogen doping level was controlled by adjusting the mass ratio of melamine and porous carbon. The nitrogen content in the doped porous carbon could reach up to 9.0 atom% without sacrificing the porous structure and surface area. The nitrogen doping significantly improved the electrochemical capacitance up to 180 F/g at 0.5 A/g, which is 74% enhancement compared to the nitrogen-free carbon (104 F/g). Both origin carbon and nitrogen doped carbon show excellent cycling stability that 95% of the capacitance could be remained after 5000 charge-discharge cycles.
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A polypyrrole/carbonized cotton fabric (PPy/CCF) flexible bind-free electrode was firstly created by simple carbonization and in-situ electrodeposition method for supercapacitors. The PPy/CCF-1:2 not ...only exhibits a high specific capacitance of 3596 mF cm−2 at a current density of 2 mA cm−2, which is almost 9 times higher than the pristine CCF (420 mF cm−2), but also shows good rate capability and high stability with 96.5% capacitance retention after 4000 cycles. The excellent electrochemical properties can be attributed to CCF substrate with a hierarchical 3D porous structure, which can provide conductive pathways for fast electron transfer and large accessible area for PPy loading. Meanwhile, PPy with hornlike microstructure can shorten ion diffusion paths, and ensure adequate contact area between the electrode and the electrolyte, leading to an dramatical increase in the specific capacitance and fast charge/discharge capability of the hybrid electrodes. In addition, the assembled flexible supercapacitor possesses a high volumetric energy density of 1.18 mWh cm−3 at power density of 17 mW cm−3, expressing no any decline in the capacitance under different bending situations. This device can be easily sewn into a garment for powering an electronic watch, with the low-cost, lightweight and easy fabrication features, which will be considerate as a promising candidate for wearable energy storage device.
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•A bind-free flexible electrode is prepared through carbonization and electro-deposition method.•The 3D porous structure of carbonized fabric provides conductive pathway for fast electron transfer.•The PPy/CCF-1:2 electrode exhibits a high capacitance of 3596 mF cm−2 at a current density of 2 mA cm−2.•The supercapacitor delivers a high power density and excellent cycling stability.
Nano/micro-scaled surface roughness has been broadly applied for the development of water repellent merchandise. However, the sophisticated procedures, costly and harmful materials employed in the ...majority of superhydrophobic surface modification techniques have limited their usage. Herein, we develop a mechanically durable superhydrophobic cotton fabric via simple modification of surface roughness using cheap and nontoxic composite. Commercial RTV (Room Temperature Vulcanized) silicone and stearic acid were employed for the surface roughness control. Simple pad-dry-cure and spray-coating approaches were employed to create highly water repellent cotton fabric with high contact angles. Depending on RTV and fatty acid ratio, it was possible to obtain a rough surface with a hierarchical morphology. The stearic fatty acid was admixed with RTV to be effectively applied via both pad-dry-cure and spray-coating techniques onto a pre-treated cotton fabric surface using three different cross-linkers, including citric acid, 3-Isocyanatepropyltriethoxysilane (IPES) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). The wetting performance was found to depend on the concentration of RTV in toluene as a solvent introducing surface roughness with static water contact angle near to 170° and low sliding angle values as low as 4°. The surface morphological properties of the coated cotton substrates were explored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The superhydrophobic performance was investigated employing both of wettability time static water contact angle measurements. The chemical composition of coated cotton substrates was studied employing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). Both mechanical and antimicrobial properties of the treated fabrics were investigated. The coated cotton substrates exhibited improved superhydrophobic performance without adversely affecting on its pristine physico-mechanical characteristics. The comfort properties of coated cotton fabrics were also examined by exploring their bending length and air permeability. The results demonstrated durable superhydrophobic performance of the coated samples, presenting a good chance for a large-scale production of superhydrophobic garments for a variety of industrial applications.
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•Silicone/stearic based superhydrophobic coating was immobilized onto cotton fabric.•Treated fabrics exhibited reduced sliding angle and increased the contact angle.•Coatings with different cross-linkers demonstrated dissimilar hydrophobicity.•Spray-coating process showed higher contact angle compared to pad-dry-curing.•Coated fabrics indicated sufficient comfortability and antimicrobial activity.
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•Superhydrophobic cotton fabric was fabricated by tannin acid inspired method.•POSS was covalently grafted onto the fabric surface.•Superhydrophobic fabric shows excellent ...self-cleaning property.•Superhydrophobic fabric shows remarkable mechanical and environmental stability.•Superhydrophobic fabric can be used to separate oil/water mixture and emulsion.
Superhydrophobic cotton fabric was fabricated by grafting aminopropyllsobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (NH2-POSS) at room temperature using a tannic acid inspired surface modification method. The impact of the NH2-POSS concentration on the hydrophobicity of the fabric was investigated. The obtained superhydrophobic fabric exhibited an outstanding self-cleaning ability and excellent durability by resisting corrosive liquids, sandpaper abrasion for15 cycles, adhesive tape peeling for 50 cycles, ultrasonic treatment for 60 min, and high temperature of 200 °C. Furthermore, the superhydrophobic fabric could be utilized as a promising filter screen for separating oils from water with ultrahigh flux (∼19,600 L m−2 h−1) and separation efficiency (to 99.91%) even after 30 separation cycles. This method is simple, environmentally friendly, economical and practical. It can be used to produce superhydrophobic material on a large scale, which indicates its great potential in the field of oil-water separation.
•Fire protection coating was successfully built on cotton fabric via LbL assembly.•The resulted cotton fabric showed self-extinguishing behavior with only 4 bilayers.•Such coating endowed fabric with ...promising hydrophobic property.
Excellent flame-retardant cotton fabric with desired hydrophobic is of particular interests for both academia and industry. Herein, an effective multilayer coating consisting of phosphorylated polyethyleneimine (P-PEI) and hydrophobic modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) was successfully constructed on cotton fabric through a facile layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, which imparted high fire retardancy and desirable hydrophobic to the cotton fabric. Coated cotton fabric was characterized by Fourier infrared spectrometer, scanning electronic microscopy coupled with its energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, conforming that a phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing multilayer coating was homogeneous and uniform increase on the surface of cotton fabric. The resultant cotton fabric achieved self-extinguishing in vertical burning tests and a desired hydrophobic with a water contact angle of 127.4° with only 4BL coating. Moreover, the coated cotton fabrics exhibited a slight delay of ignition accompanied by remarkably decrease of heat release and the fire growth rate index, suggesting the outstanding fire safety. The flame retardancy of coated cotton fabric was enhanced and even not ignited at the heat flux of 25 kW/m2, but the hydrophobic was almost not changed with the increase of bilayer number. Additionally, the relevant analysis of residues and volatile gases manifested that the multilayer coating contributed flame-retardant activities in both condensed- and gas-phase via forming thermally stable char residues and inhibiting the release of flammable gases. Taking advantage of the features, this high efficiency coating together with the facile finishing technique would have great potentials in application of multifunctional cotton fabrics.
