Effective innovative development of the construction industry is impossible without providing the companies with financial resources. In turn some innovation approaches both in banks, and in non-bank ...credit organizations were created concerning this issue. The authors define the type of the innovations, occurring in the sphere of financing and crediting of construction companies as improving innovations or modification, aimed at the improvement of service while preserving the main functions and principles of the services rendering. First of all the innovations are based on the use of information technologies, such as application of big data, artificial intelligence, information analysis of the clients’ social networks for the adoption of the credit decision; the development of online crediting, creation of the infrastructure of the alternate investments and credits for providing the companies with financial resources. The purpose of this research was the identification and characteristic of the top innovation trends in providing the companies with financial resources. The system approach, methods of groupping, statistic and comparative analysis were applied for the achievement of this purpose. The results of the analysis allowed to conclude, that the innovation approaches make financial resources more available for the companies. Some modern problems of the information technology development in the field of financing and crediting were considered as the debatable question. The matter of the role of banks in the creation of the innovation system of providing the companies with financial resources is also considered.
The article defines dynamics of bank crediting of individuals and legal entities for the period of 2013–2017. The article is aimed at defining and substantiating the reasons of the newest tendencies ...in bank crediting. The credits granted to individuals in various aspects, namely: on the target directions, mortgage credits on terms of repayment are considered. The credits granted to non-financial corporations are analyzed in the following sections: by maturity, by size of enterprises. The percentage of credits granted to individuals and legal entities is also analyzed. The current status of bank crediting is characterized by increase of volumes due to improvement of financial condition of households and favorable macro-economic conditions. The reduction of volumes occurs only in the sphere of mortgage crediting. Among the problems of crediting can be called concealment of real incomes of individuals and inability of banks to correctly assess the credit risk of borrowers – legal entities which is caused by lack of transparent reporting and a low level of centralized tracking of credit histories of organizations.
The situation on the market of bank crediting of agricultural enterprises is analysed. Have been identified the key reasons for the low efficiency of the current mechanism of lending by banks to the ...agro-industrial sector. The key shortcomings in the system of financing the enterprises of the agro-industrial complex are revealed. The investment attractiveness in Ukraine is considered and specified in the dynamics by regions. The volumes of financing the activity of agro-industrial enterprises in Ukraine by sources of income are analysed. It is proved that effective financing opens wide opportunities for the development of enterprises in the agricultural sector.
In the study general and specific economic methods, as well as a basic research approach, which allowed us to determine the economic nature of the financial sector and the scope of financing of agricultural enterprises are used. The financial instruments of the agricultural enterprise use of which will promote the achievement of the European standards are offered. Scientifically substantiated recommendations on the directions of application in Ukraine of the international experience of stimulation of the financial activity of subjects of the agro-industrial complex are entered. In developed countries, a rich arsenal of support tools is used to support financial activities in the agro-industrial complex. A list of the most common tools for such support used in developed countries is given. It is noted that the solution of problems of financial support for the development of the agro-industrial complex should be carried out on the basis of studying, generalizing, and taking into account the best international experience. The world experience of financing the agricultural sector of the economy and the peculiarities of the distribution of state subventions for the development of agricultural production are studied. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is represented by a set of theoretical and practical aspects of the study, namely proposals for the current state of lending to agriculture and recommendations for the use of new financial instruments in the context of the implementation of international experience.
Keywords: crediting, financial sector, agro-industrial complex, international experience.
JEL Classification Q14
Formulas: 0; fig.: 5; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 16.
The optimal function of the financing function is achieved through the planning process. By planning development, as one of the basic functions of management, goals, tasks and the way of their ...realization are determined. The realization of financing plans is realized through the function of financing with own funds, and borrowed both from the domestic and foreign markets. The importance of financing consists in the fact that the level of reproductive capacity of the agro-industry complex depends to a considerable extent on the normative organization, organization and quality of financing. The goal of financing is precisely, timely, quality and under the most favorable conditions, the acquisition of financial resources on the market in order to meet the needs for continuous business of the subjects of the agro-industrial complex.
In today’s conditions, when small and medium-sized businesses need significant financial investment support in Ukraine, it is P2P plaffers that can act as an effective credit tool that will represent ...an alternative to existing banks. Over the world, P2P and P2B ecosystems have already been created, standardized and are actively used to stimulate the economy. The purpose of the article is to study the foreign experience in the development of the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) crediting system to isolate and further take into account the possible potentially positive and negative effects of the promotion and distribution of P2P platforms in the financial market in Ukraine. P2P crediting is considered as one of the fastest growing forms of investment without the participation of credit institutions, but which is currently experiencing a legal vacuum due to the lack of special regulations that will establish the legal status, rights, obligations, responsibilities and guarantees of participants in mutual financing. The formation of peer-to-peer crediting in some countries, such as Great Britain, the USA, China, Sweden, Germany, Spain, Estonia, is analyzed. Based on the carried on analysis, it was determined that abroad the P2P crediting system is in the state of constant development. As a result of the study, it was determined that this type of crediting has good prospects for development in Ukraine. The main proposals for accelerating the paces of development of P2P crediting are highlighted as follows: creating a stable and balanced regulatory framework; continuation of work to improve the financial literacy of the population (in terms of awareness of P2P crediting); creation of incentives for cooperation of traditional financial institutions with crowdlanding platforms in order to increase the level of cooperation and interaction of financial market participants.
The article is aimed at identifying ways to improve the crediting process for small and medium-sized businesses in the current economic and political conditions in Ukraine. The status of crediting of ...the sector of small and medium-sized business is considered, a statistical data analysis is carried out and a forecast of their change up to 2022 year is made. Programs of crediting and supporting of small and medium-sized business are considered in comparison with similar programs of the neighboring countries. Ways and directions of achievement of rapid development in the crediting of small and medium-sized businesses by banks are identified. It is proved that to improve the status of crediting of this sphere, there is a need to support on the part of not only foreign countries, but also on the part of Ukraine, also recommendations are proposed to simplify the process of crediting small and medium-sized businesses. The prospect for further consideration of the topic of crediting of small and medium-sized businesses is to develop preferential programs for crediting enterprises by the State.
•Offset policies rarely state the baseline against which no net loss is achieved.•Averted loss offsetting assumes a counterfactual of biodiversity decline.•Australian offset policies all allow offset ...credit from averted loss.•Assumed crediting baselines were much steeper than recent rates of vegetation loss.•Baselines reveal implicit assumptions about the future of biodiversity.
Biodiversity offset trades usually aim to achieve ‘no net loss’ of biodiversity. But the question remains: no net loss compared to what? Determining whether an offset can compensate for a given impact requires assumptions about the counterfactual scenario—that which would have happened without the offset—against which the gain at an offset site can be estimated. Where this counterfactual scenario, or ‘crediting baseline’, assumes a future trajectory of biodiversity decline, the intended net outcome of the offset trade is maintenance of that declining trajectory. If the rate of decline of the crediting baseline is implausibly steep, biodiversity offset trades can exacerbate biodiversity decline. We examined crediting baselines used in offset policies across Australia, and compared them with recent estimates of decline in woody vegetation extent. All jurisdictions permitted offset credit generated using averted loss—implying an assumption of background decline—but few were explicit about their crediting baseline. The credit calculation approaches implied assumed crediting baselines of up to 4.2% loss (of vegetation extent and/or condition) per annum; on average, the crediting baselines were >5 times steeper than recent rates of vegetation loss. For these crediting baselines to be plausible, declines in vegetation condition must be rapid, but this was not reflected in the approaches for which assumptions about decline in extent and condition could be separated. We conclude that crediting baselines in Australian offset schemes risk exacerbating biodiversity loss. The near-ubiquitous use of declining crediting baselines risks ‘locking in’ biodiversity decline across impact and offset sites, with implications for biodiversity conservation more broadly.
Offsetting is emerging as an important but controversial approach for managing environment–development conflicts. Biodiversity offsets are designed to compensate for damage to biodiversity from ...development by providing biodiversity gains elsewhere. Here, we suggest how biodiversity offset policies can generate behaviours that exacerbate biodiversity decline, and identify four perverse incentives that could arise even from soundly designed policies. These include incentives for (i) entrenching or exacerbating baseline biodiversity declines, (ii) winding back non‐offset conservation actions, (iii) crowding out of conservation volunteerism and (iv) false public confidence in environmental outcomes due to marketing offset actions as gains. Synthesis and applications. Despite its goal of improving biodiversity outcomes, there is potential for best‐practice offsetting to achieve the opposite result. Reducing this risk requires coupling offset crediting baselines to measured trajectories of biodiversity change and understanding the potential interaction between offsetting and other environmental policies.
CREditing: a tool for gene tuning in Trypanosoma cruzi Pacheco-Lugo, Lisandro A.; Sáenz-García, José L.; Díaz-Olmos, Yirys ...
International journal for parasitology,
November 2020, 2020-11-00, 20201101, Letnik:
50, Številka:
13
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Display omitted
•Genetic manipulation is challenging in Trypanosoma cruzi, a difficult to manipulate parasite.•The delivery of CRE recombinase by electroporation (CREditing) showed high recombination ...efficiencies.•CREditing is a powerful tool for gain of function and loss of function strategies.•CREditing allows removal of selectable markers in a highly efficient fashion.•The CREditing approach can also be used to manipulate gene expression in infective and non-replicative forms.
The genetic manipulation of Trypanosoma cruzi continues to be a challenge, mainly due to the lack of available and efficient molecular tools. The CRE-lox recombination system is a site-specific recombinase technology, widely used method of achieving conditional targeted deletions, inversions, insertions, gene activation, translocation, and other modifications in chromosomal or episomal DNA. In the present study, the CRE-lox system was adapted to expand the current genetic toolbox for this hard-to-manipulate parasite. For this, evaluations of whether direct protein delivery of CRE recombinase through electroporation could improve CRE-mediated recombination in T. cruzi were performed. CRE recombinase was fused to the C-terminus of T. cruzi histone H2B, which carries the nuclear localization signal and is expressed in the prokaryotic system. The fusion protein was affinity purified and directly introduced into epimastigotes and tissue culture-derived trypomastigotes. This enabled the control of gene expression as demonstrated by turning on a tandem dimer fluorescent protein reporter gene that had been previously transfected into parasites, achieving CRE-mediated recombination in up to 85% of parasites. This system was further tested for its ability to turn off gene expression, remove selectable markers integrated into the genome, and conditionally knock down the nitroreductase gene, which is involved in drug resistance. Additionally, CREditing also enabled the control of gene expression in tissue culture trypomastigotes, which are more difficult to transfect than epimastigotes. The considerable advances in genomic manipulation of T. cruzi shown in this study can be used by others to aid in the greater understanding of this parasite through gain- or loss-of-function approaches.
PDF
