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Papalagi, once considered to be the record of the Western Samoan chief Tuiavii’s first sightseeing tour of Europe at the time of World War I, which is an iconic work for the youth of his homeland, is ... today considered a forgery. Furthermore, this view was pioneered by the German linguist Senft. He claimed in his book that Scheuermann who translated Tuiavii’s words into German and published “Papalagi” in 1920, actually created the Papalagi himself. And that Senft claimed Scheuermann that he had plagiarized Lukanga Mukala by Hans Paasche, a German politician and pacifist. If the book is a forgery, it should be taken as Scheuermann’s own criticism of modern civilization. This takes on special significance when the text is juxtaposed with the German poet Hölderlin’s masterpiece Hyperion, an epistolary novel writings from the young Greek Hyperion to his friend Bellarmin. The best-known section of the work is the so-called “criticism of Germany,” which appears in the novel’s second part. Here, we draw the reader’s attention to the civilization-critical framework of the novel, in which Hölderlin, himself German, vehemently criticizes his modern homeland through his protagonist Hyperion, a Greek. This paper discusses the possibilities and problems of Papalagi through a comparison with Hyperion and Paasche’s Lukanga Mukala. več

第一次世界大戦当時のヨーロッパを初めて見分し，そこでの体験を故郷の若者たちに語った記録とされる西サモアの酋長ツイアビによる『パパラギ』は，今日，偽書とみなされている．この見解は，ドイツの言語学者ゼンフトが自著の中で，パーシェの著した『ルカンガ・ムカラ』を盗用した偽書としたことにその端を発する．ツイアビの言葉をドイツ語に翻訳し1920年に出版した編者ショイルマンが，実際には内容そのものも創作したとする主張である．本書が偽書であるとするならば，そこに綴られている言葉はすべて，その時代のドイツ人であるショイルマンによる現代文明批判とみなすことができる．この事実は，ドイツの詩人ヘルダーリンの代表作である『ヒュペーリオン』と重ね合わせるとき，特別な意義をもち始める．ギリシア人の青年ヒュペーリオンが友人であるベラルミンに送った書簡という形式で綴られる書簡体小説『ヒュペーリオン』のなかでとりわけ有名なのが，小説第二部で語られる，いわゆるドイツ批判である．ここで注目すべきは，当時の現代ドイツ作家であるヘルダーリンが，同時代のギリシア人である主人公ヒュペーリオンの言葉を通じて現代の祖国を激烈に批判した小説という，文明批判的な枠組みである．拙論は三者を比較検討しつつ『パパラギ』のもつ可能性と問題性とを論ずるものである．

Being critical does not come easy, not even within Critical Theory. In this article I respond to criticism of my book from 2019, Capitalism, Alienation and Critique, arguing that contemporary ... Critical Theory has something to learn from the founding fathers. Firstly, for Adorno immanent critique has metaphysical implications beyond Honneth’s critique of bourgeois society as inconsistent in terms of its professed ideals. Secondly, immanent critique is not the same as ideology critique, and when it comes to Horkheimer and Habermas, they conducted the latter rather than the former. Thirdly, even though today nature must be our concern, answers are to be found in politics and metaphysics rather than science. Finally, critique of neoliberalism should be conducted as critique of political economy, that is, ideology critique, rather than sociological descriptions of the empirical details of globalized capitalism. Denaturalizing economics is a condition for economic democracy. več

This explorative paper analyses the Allgemeine Homöopathische Zeitung (AHZ) in the 1950ies and 1960ies, paying particular attention to how the homoeopathic physicians who published there commented on ... modernity in medicine and society. Toxicology, endocrinology, cybernetics and neural therapy were discussed by them as possible links with biomedicine. Modern civilization was mainly portrayed as pathogenic, but sometimes that very fact was seen as a chance for homoeopathy. Also, many authors of the AHZ had a positive view on some aspects of modern medicine and technology. The paper ends by discussing possibilities for further research in contemporary history based on journal publications by homoeopathic doctors. Der Aufsatz untersucht die Allgemeine Homöopathische Zeitung (AHZ) der 1950er und 1960er Jahre in Hinblick auf die Frage, wie die dort publizierenden homöopathischen Ärzte sich zur Moderne in Medizin und Gesellschaft positionierten. Toxikologie, Endokrinologie, Kybernetik und Neuraltherapie kamen als mögliche Brücken zur naturwissenschaftlichen Medizin zur Sprache; die moderne Zivilisation wurde einerseits größtenteils als krankmachend diskutiert, andererseits äußerten sich homöopathische Ärzte durchaus auch respektvoll bis bewundernd über den medizinischen und technischen Fortschritt; gelegentlich sah man schließlich gerade in modernen Pathologien auch Chancen für die Homöopathie. Der Beitrag endet mit einem Ausblick auf mögliche weitere zeitgeschichtliche Forschungen auf Grundlage der ärztlich-homöopathischen Publizistik. več

The present article explores images of the Northern Swedish landscape, produced and mediated by Stig Wesslén (1902–1987) in the 1930s and 1940s. Trained as a forester, Wesslén gradually turned into a ... documentarist, focusing on the wilderness, notably big birds, predators and the mountain range in Lapland. Along with making a number of ambitious movies and embarking on intensive lecture tours, he was an active debater and writer and published six, richly illustrated books. These careers were interwoven, partly for practical reasons; income from lecturing and journalism financed his filmmaking and gave him time to write his books. It is argued in the article that Wesslén was driven by a strong feeling for wilderness and that he was against the way modern civilization exploited nature. The goal of his documentary work was ultimately to raise public awareness regarding the state of nature and he may thus be seen as a link between the preservationists of the early twentieth century and the environmentalists of the 1960s. In order to reveal the true essence of nature, Wesslén developed a “scientific” documentary technique, which he named “camera hunting.” The idea was to use the best camera equipment possible that would allow him to observe nature at a distance, not disturb the natural order of things, and present authentic images. Yet, as the article shows, Wesslén sometimes anthropomorphized the animals and also dramatized nature in many of his works. več

Elin Wägner, feminist, author, journalist, teacher and ecologist, published her book Alarm Clock in 1941. Alarm Clock connects the destruction of earth with the subjugation of women in a systematic ... analysis of Western civilisation. In Alarm Clock Wägner re-evaluates the question of women's history and matriarchy in order to build a platform from which to re-launch political activism. Wägner argues that the exploitation of nature is connected to the oppression of women and that this in turn affects women's ability, or desire, to become full political citizens. Early ecofeminist ideas can be traced back to the women's movement at the turn to the twentieth century and its debates on a women's natural place outside a destructive civilisation. The article takes its starting point in Elin Wägner's ecological writings. Her work is analysed both in relation to the turn of the century tradition and to contemporary ecofeminist theory, making the feminist-political potential of ecological writing explicit. The introduction of ecology as a feminist issue has, in the case of Elin Wägner, only been seen as an expression of 'essentialist' thinking. The article argues that such a label both misinterprets and misrepresents the complexity of Wäner's thinking. več

Elin Wagner, feminist, author, journalist, teacher and ecologist, published her book Alarm Clock in 1941. Alarm Clock connects the destruction of earth with the subjugation of women in a systematic ... analysis of Western civilisation. In Alarm Clock Wagner re-evaluates the question of women's history and matriarchy in order to build a platform from which to re-launch political activism. Wagner argues that the exploitation of nature is connected to the oppression of women and that this in turn affects women's ability, or desire, to become full political citizens. Early ecofeminist ideas can be traced back to the women's movement at the turn to the twentieth century and its debates on a women's natural place outside a destructive civilisation. The article takes its starting point in Elin Wagner's ecological writings. Her work is analysed both in relation to the turn of the century tradition and to contemporary ecofeminist theory, making the feminist-political potential of ecological writing explicit. The introduction of ecology as a feminist issue has, in the case of Elin Wagner, only been seen as an expression of "essentialist" thinking. The article argues that such a label both misinterprets and misrepresents the complexity of Wagner's thinking. (Original abstract) več