오늘날 연안과 접경지역을 중심으로 정부간 새로운 초국경 네트워크 및 월경협력 현상이 나타나고 있다. 유럽과 아시아에서는 오래 전부터 국제적 협력과 소통의 필요성이 제기되고 있기 때문이다. 특히 최근 동남아시아의 경우, 다소 복잡한 시대적 배경과 상황 하에서 싱가포르를 중심으로 하여 말레이시아 연안과 인도네시아의 섬 지역에 걸쳐 구축된 초국적 접경성장지대의 ...출현을 우리는 동남아시아의 새로운 월경지역 협력모델로서 주목할 필요가 있다. 이것은 동남아시아 연안의 접경지역에서 자연스럽게 나타난 소규모 협력 이니셔티브로서, 국가 최고지도자들의 정치적 제안과 수용을 통해 다소 소박하게 출발을 하였다. 그리고 싱가포르와 말레이시아의 조호르, 인도네시아의 리아우 사이에 형성된 접경된 성장삼각지대(Singapore-Johor-Riau Growth Triangle)가 가진 초기 목적은 각기 서로 다른 접경지역에 산재되어 있는 인구, 자원, 기술, 자본 등의 상호보완성을 이용·결합해 보기 위해 형성이 되었다. 그러나 이 사례는 해역과육역 간의 결절점으로 기능함으로써 갖게 되는 연안정부 및 해항도시의 본질적 네트워크성과 혼종성을 상징적으로 나타내고 있으며, 바다와 연안이 단순한 국가 사이의 접촉지대, 경계지대가 아닌 새로운 역동성과 그것이 발현되는 기제를 보여준다는 점에서도 중요한 의미가 있다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 동아시아의 해상관문인 싱가포르를 주축으로 한 초국적 접경지대의 형성사례에 대해 살펴봄으로써 그 배경과 과정, 특성, 논리를 이해하는 동시에, 우리나라가 속한 동북아시아 연안과 월경네트워크의 향후 청사진에 대한 시사점까지도 생각해 보는 기회를 갖는다.
The growth triangle is primarily an economic concept in Southeast Asia, although it is underpinned by strong political motivations. The model involves linking adjacent areas of separate countries with different endowments of factors of production - such as land, labour and capital - and different sources of comparative advantage, to form a subregion of economic growth. The SIJORI Growth Triangle is a partnership arrangement between Singapore, Johor in Malaysia, and Riau Islands in Indonesia that combines the competitive strengths of the three cross border areas to make the subregion more attractive to regional and international investors. The SIJORI Growth Triangle is the pioneer of transnational sub-regional cooperation in the East Asia Pacific, it is important to understand how it was shaped. More specifically, it links the infrastructure, capital and expertise of Singapore with the natural and labour resources and the abundance of land of Johor and Riau. The SIJORI Growth Triangle was first publicly announced in 1989 by Singapore Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong. The objective was to strengthen the economic links in the region and to optimize the complementarity between the three adjacent areas The pact would combine the management expertise, rich capital, technology and infrastructure of Singapore with the abundant labour, land and natural resources of neighbouring Johor State in Malaysia and the Riau Provice in Indonesia. The triangle of growth was envisioned to be a key component of the Singapore regionalization scheme of the 1980s and 1990s, relocating labor intensive industries to neighbouring places such as the Malaysian state of Johor(known as the Iskandar Development Region) and the island of Batam in the nearby Indonesian province of Riau Islands. As more Malaysian and Indonesian states joined the grouping, the Indonesia-Malaysia-Singapore Growth Triangle(IMS-GT) was formed to formalize the new grouping. Now, The SIJORI Growth Triangle is a very recent exciting experiment in economic integration in Southeast Asia. The SIJORI Growth Triangle encompasses various economic, political, and social components. There are significant political and social implications deriving from their emergence, and their future development will be affected by domestic politics within and the broader state of relations between the participating countries. The article also explores the question of whether growth triangles have been driven mainly by business or government initiative.
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Depuis quelques années, les gouvernements successifs et les organisations sportives nationales et internationales développent des politiques volontaristes en matière d'égalité et de parité dans le ...sport. Quel est l'effet réel de ces dispositifs, mesures et recommandations ? Menée conjointement dans le département des Pyrénées-Orientales (Languedoc-Roussillon) et au sein de la Communauté autonome de Gérone (Catalogne), notre étude s'intéresse à l'accès des femmes bénévoles aux postes à responsabilités dans le mouvement sportif local. Utilisant les résultats d'une enquête de terrain dans l’Espace Catalan Transfrontalier, cette thèse propose d'analyser la place et l'expérience des femmes dirigeantes dans les clubs de judo. La comparaison nous semble pertinente sur les plans scientifique et politique parce qu'elle nous permet de saisir les continuités culturelles à propos des rapports sexués dans le sport mais également les variations liés aux contextes nationaux et aux effets des politiques publiques. A partir de monographies de club de l'espace catalan choisis de part et d'autre de la frontière, nous tenterons de décrire les postes occupés, les parcours de dirigeantes mais également les freins à leur investissement bénévole. Il s'agira ainsi non seulement de comparer la manière dont ces femmes ont atteint leurs positions de « pouvoir » (carrières, vie de famille, capital sportif, fonctionnement des clubs...), mais également de saisir la manière dont elles perçoivent l'exercice de leurs fonctions. Dans une pratique de compétition fortement associée aux valeurs de virilité, comment des femmes arrivent à percer le « plafond de verre » ? Dans quelle mesure peut-on parler de domination masculine ? Peut-on distinguer des facteurs facilitateurs selon le pays d'origine ou, au contraire de freins identiques ?Cette thèse propose finalement de coupler l'analyse des rapports sociaux de sexe dans les clubs sportifs et celle de la comparaison pour mieux comprendre les effets respectifs des contextes politico-institutionnel sur le fait social étudié.
For the past few years, successive governments and national sports associations have developed a proactive policy as regards equality and parity in sports. What is the real impact of these schemes, actions and recommendations? Jointly carried out in the Pyrénées-Orientales (French region of Languedoc-Roussillon) and within the Autonomous Community of Gerone (Calalonia), our study concentrates on volunteer women’s access to positions of responsibility in local sports clubs. Using the results of a field study made in the Catalan cross-border area, this thesis provides a comprehensive assessment of the position and experience of women leaders in judo clubs. We consider that this comparison is relevant both on scientific and political levels since it allows to understand cultural continuities of gender relations in sports. Moreover, we will also consider the differences linked to the national background and to the consequences of public policies. From monographs of clubs chosen on both sides of the border, we will try and describe the positions and career paths of women managers, but also how their volunteer investment was sometimes held back. In this respect, not only we will compare how these women have reached their leading positions (career, family life, sport capital, clubs operation…) but also we will understand how they themselves consider their duties. Given a fierce competition strongly associated with the values of virility, how do women succeed in breaking the glass ceiling? Is it possible to distinguish between enabling factors or identical brakes, according to the country?Eventually, this thesis provides a combined analysis of gender social relations in sports clubs and a comparison to better understand the respective consequences of political and institutional contexts on the purpose of this study.
Le paludisme est un des maladies vectorielles les plus communes qui est situé principalement dans les régions tropicales. La zone étudiée est la région transfrontière Guyane française-Brésil. Le ...niveau et la dynamique intra-annuelle de la transmission y sont variables, avec un taux d’incidence qui est relativement élevé dans l’Amérique du Sud. Les facteurs environnementaux, en particulier l'occupation et l'usage du sol, influent significativement sur la présence, la densité et la distribution spatiale des moustiques du genre Anophèles, vecteurs de la maladie. Les données sur l'environnement, la population et les systèmes de santé sont rarement comparables de part et d’autre de la frontière Guyane-Brésil, excluant une vision bilatérale homogène. La télédétection permet de caractériser spatialement l’environnement de manière quasi continue et complète. L’objectif de ce travail est de caractériser par télédétection des milieux favorables au développement des vecteurs et les interactions hommes-vecteurs pour la zone transfrontalière Guyane-Brésil. Un indicateur spatialisé d’aléa de transmission du paludisme a été développé à l’échelle locale. Il permet de spatialiser la contribution de l'interaction entre milieux forestiers et non-forestiers sur la transmission du paludisme. Ce modèle a été mis en œuvre à l’échelle de la région amazonienne. Cet indice permet de quantifier et d’expliquer l’influence du paysage dans les interrelations homme - vecteurs adultes. L’identification des gîtes larvaires potentiels a été testée à une échelle régionale, à partir de la fusion d’images satellites optiques et radar, afin de mettre en évidence la distribution spatiale de zones humides pérennes et de grandes tailles (lacs, rivières, étangs, etc.) et les interfaces avec les milieux urbaines et forestiers. La distribution et la densité des vecteurs sont affectées par les propriétés physiques et chimiques des gîtes larvaires potentiels qui sont liées à la typologie des sols. Un modèle conceptuel de l’évaluation des sols adapté à la zone amazonienne présente que les caractéristiques géomorphologiques (altitude, courbure, etc.) sont indicateurs de l’évolution des sols. Une typologie des sols a été réalisée à l’échelle régionale à partir de données altimétriques et de ce modèle conceptuel. Les méthodologies, les cartes d’occupation et d’usage du sol, les cartes d’aléa du paludisme mises en place dans le cadre de cette thèse seront intégrés à l’Observatoire transfrontalier (Guyane-Brésil) qui est en cours de création. Ce travail de thèse contribue ainsi à l’exploitation des nouvelles connaissances sur le mécanisme de transmission du paludisme qui peuvent être utilisées pour définir les nouvelles stratégies de prévention aux échelles locale et régionale.
Malaria remains one of the most common vector-borne diseases what is predominantly located in the tropics. The study area is the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil where the level and intra-annuel dynamic of malaria transmission are variable, with the incidence rates which are relatively high in South America. The environmental risk factors, in particular, land use and land cover, significantly influence the presence, density and spatial distribution of disease vectors, Anopheles mosquitoes. Environmental information, population data and health systems database are rarely comparable on both sides of the Guyana-Brazil border which exclude the homogeneous and bilateral vision. Remote sensing permits to spatially characterize the environment on both sides of the border in an almost continuous and complete manner. The objective of this study is to characterize the favorable environment for the development of vectors and the vector-human interaction in the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil using remote sensing. A spatial landscape-based hazard index of malaria transmission was developed at the local scale. Such index allows spatializing the contribution of interaction between forest and non-forest areas on malaria transmission which was then implemented in the entire Amazon region. It quantifies and explains the influence of landscape on the interaction between human population and adult vectors. The identification of potential breeding sites of vectors was tested on a regional scale using the optical and SAR fusion for highlighting the spatial distribution of perennial and large wetlands (lakes, rivers, ponds etc.) and the interfaces with urban and forest environments. The distribution of vectors’ density is affected by physical and chemical properties of potential breeding sites which are related to soil typology. A conceptual model of soil evolution adapted to the Amazon region presents that geomorphological characteristics (altitude, curvature, etc.) are indicators of soil evolution. A soil classification was realized at the regional scale using altimetry data and the conceptual model. The methods, land use and land cover and malaria hazard maps established in this thesis will be integrated in the Observatory Sentinel of cross-border which is being built. This study also contributes to the exploitation of new knowledge about malaria transmission mechanism which can be used to define novel prevention strategies at the local and regional scales.
La frontière d’état franco-allemande connaît, dans le cadre du processus d’intégration européenne, une évolution fonctionnelle majeure, qui se traduit notamment par une amplification des formes de ...mobilités transfrontalières de la population. Nous proposons de saisir les effets spatiaux de l’ouverture de la frontière politique en étudiant, à l’échelle régionale (le grand Est français), les processus de diffusion spatiale d’un indicateur de la mobilité des individus : le travail frontalier vers l’Allemagne sur un pas de temps relativement long (1968-1999). Nous montrerons ainsi en quoi l’atténuation de l’effet barrière de la frontière politique participe à la modification de sa nature spatiale en lui permettant d’affirmer son caractère zonal.
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