Mid-Holocene (7000—4000 yr BP) paleoclimate conditions were reconstructed for the eastern Mediterranean region through a high-resolution (3—20 yr) oxygen and carbon isotopic record in a speleothem ...from Soreq Cave, Israel. Mid-Holocene climate change is characterized by sinusoidal cycles lasting ~1500 years, that represent changes of ~400 mm (between ~700 and ~300 mm) in annual rainfall, coincident with major cultural changes. Two major cultural changes occurred during wet events at 6550—6450 yr BP and 4800—4700 yr BP, associated with the transitions from mid-Chalcolithic to late-Chalcolithic period and from the early Bronze II to early Bronze III, respectively. The transition from late Chalcolithic to early Bronze I occurred during a dry period at 5700—5600 yr BP. Superimposed on these cycles, several short-lived decadal- to centennial-scale climatic events were identified. Dry events occurred at 6650—6600 yr BP, 6250—6180 yr BP, 5700—5600 yr BP, 5250—5170 yr BP and 4200—4050 yr BP. The last two events coincide with the cultural collapse of the Uruk society in Mesopotamia and the Akkadian Empire. Short climatic wet events occurred at 6700—6680 yr BP, 6170—6100 yr BP, 5760—5740 yr BP and 5500—5450 yr BP.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We investigate how sociocultural changes impact the creative aspects of advertisements. We theorize that the sociocultural changes resulting from improvement in education standards and economic ...development improve the status of women in society. Next, we draw from the literature on self-congruence to argue that women with an enhanced status reject their decorative portrayal in advertisements and favor an empowered portrayal. As a result, marketers seeking to elicit a favorable response from consumers change their creative strategy to portray women in less decorative and more empowered roles. We analyzed television advertisements from the past 20 years across five product categories in an emerging economy. We find support for our key prediction and demonstrate a boundary condition for this effect. We show that the reduction in decorative portrayals is more likely to manifest in product categories where women exercise influence and not otherwise.
Cultural changes that occur in global society are currently taking place rapidly along with the emergence of the covid-19 virus. These changes can inluence the socio-cultural life of the community ...due to the fact that they have to adapt to new habits. This study examined how the strategy is in determining decision making on cultural changes that are affected by the covid-19 pandemic. Using qualitative research methods through participatory observation and interviews in Langkura Village, Jeneponto Regency, this research was analyzed based on the process of socio-cultural change that was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in making decisions about these changes. In addition, it relates the phenomenon to past situation by using various literature sources with the similarity of the condition of the community with a farmer background. This research is very important in analyzing policy making by the authorities in seeing the rapid socio-cultural changes to the survival of the farmers. In the end, it showed that the Langkura people are very considerate in making decisions despite the many social pressures, but even so, they actually need the development of their group development.
Managing cultural changes in the virtual space is inevitable since it is a place of conflict between power flows, especially the reputation system. Achieving desirable and sustainable cultural ...changes requires attention to changeability requirements. It means that ignoring these requirements can affect the process and content of changes. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to investigate and answer the question: What are the requirements of cultural changes through the fame of celebrities in the virtual space? The research is based on Husserl's descriptive phenomenology as well as Colaizzi's method (1978). The research population is those who are active in various fields of science, art, sports, and virtual space activism. Semi-structured and in-depth interviews were conducted with 16 people as a research sample using the criterion-dependent purposeful sampling method until the level of data saturation. The data were validated through external auditors, returning to the interviewees, and in-depth descriptions. The findings showed that the requirements of cultural changes through celebrities in the virtual space can be found at structural and content levels: in the dimensions of optimal networking, control of structural resistance, family changes, and social capital building in the form of structural requirements, and in the dimensions of cultural flow, cultural leadership and attention to social status in the form of content requirements. The results, in addition to showing the role of celebrities in cultural changes, emphasize the factors facilitating the influence of celebrity culture in the Iranian society.
Contemporary U.S. culture has a highly individualistic ethos. Nevertheless, exactly how this ethos was historically fostered remains unanalyzed. A new model of dynamic cultural change maintains that ...sparsely populated, novel environments that impose major threats to survival, such as the Western frontier in the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries, breed strong values of independence, which in turn guide the production of new practices that encourage self-promotion and focused, competitive work. Faced with few significant threats to survival, residents in traditional areas are likely to seek social prestige by adopting existing practices of other, higher status groups. Because of both the massive economic success of the frontier and the official endorsement of the frontier by the federal government, eastern residents of the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries may have actively adopted the frontier practices of independence, thus incorporating the frontier ethos of independence to form the contemporary U.S. national culture. Available evidence is reviewed, and implications for further research on cultural change are suggested.
The Central Ganga Basin is one of the most densely populated regions of India. It is agriculturally diverse and contributes much to the Indian economy. The region has housed numerous ancient and ...mediaeval empires. This study presents a continuous record of the paleomonsoon from the Chandrika Devi lake, Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh, India which is linked with paleo vegetational shifts over the last ~6000 years (5871–75 cal yr BP). The chronology of the lake core is based on three accelerated mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon and two Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dates. The multiproxy data (grain size, major and trace element ratio, total organic carbon (TOC wt%), carbon isotopes (δ 13 C org ‰) and pollen), suggest that the lake was initially a part of the Gomti river that began to transform into a lake at ~5000 cal yr BP with weakening of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) in the Central Ganga Basin. The lake formation was completed at ~4100 cal yr BP under the influence of the 4.2 ka arid event. This phase marks the beginning of human presence as well as agricultural activities in the lake region with the appearance of Cerealia pollen and other agricultural taxa. The agricultural activity surrounding the lake catchment peaked at ~3000 cal yr BP. The lake gradually shrank and became a marshy lowland at ~75 cal yr BP. Our study is significant because it is the first comprehensive multiproxy study from the Lucknow region in the Central Ganga Basin on paleomonsoonal variability and its relationship to human activity, agricultural practices during the Late-Holocene with a focus on the 4.2 Ka arid event. Also, pollen record suggests that the changes in agriculture and human activity began just after 4.2 ka arid event in the study area.
High-quality paleoclimate reconstructions can provide crucial climate context to test the hypothesis of climatic impact on historical culture changes. Here we report high-resolution and quantitative ...temperature and precipitation records covering the entire “5000-year” Chinese history in northern China. Our temperature record shows a slight decrease before 1800 cal yr BP and a ∼4 °C rapid cooling afterwards, superimposed with four major ∼2–3 °C centennial-scale cold events, potentially corresponding to the widespread North Atlantic ice-rafted debris Bond events. While precipitation record shows high value before 3000 cal yr BP, and a gradual decrease of ∼250 mm with two distinct ∼100 mm centennial-scale dry intervals after 1100 cal yr BP. Our data not only provide a more complete climate background for Chinese dynasties, but show the coincidence in the timing between abrupt cold and/or dry events and large-scale social unrests and southern migration of nomads. This finding reveals climate fluctuations, in particular variations in temperature, played an important role in affecting Chinese historical cultural changes.
•Quantitative temperature and rainfall records provide a new climate background for the entire “5000-year” Chinese history.•Temperature and precipitation reconstructions reveal incomplete coupled changes before 1000 cal yr BP.•Climate fluctuations influenced Chinese historical cultural changes.
Agriculture is a major contributor to the economic development of modern as well as ancient India and largely depends on the rainfall in the monsoon season. In order to understand the impact of ...climate variability on cultural changes in the Indian subcontinent, high resolution centennial to millennial scale middle Holocene Indian summer monsoon (ISM) variability was reconstructed from Bednikund lake, located in an alpine meadow of the Pindar basin, Chamoli, Central Himalaya. Increased ISM precipitations were found during ∼5930-3950 (mid-Holocene climate optimum), ∼3380–2830 (Minoan Warm Period), ∼2610–1860 (Roman Warm Period), ∼1050–760 (Medieval Climate Anomaly), and ∼320 cal yr BP to Present (Current Warm Period). The decreased ISM strengths were found during ∼3950-3380, ∼2830–2610, ∼1860–1050 (Dark Ages Cold Period), ∼760–580, and ∼500-320 cal yr BP (Little Ice Age). The covariance between our records of precipitation change and total solar irradiance for the middle to late Holocene and with Northern hemisphere (NH) temperature for the past two millennia suggested solar insolation as a primary forcing mechanism of ISM variability. The reconstructed paleoclimate combined with archaeology and historical records indicated that ancient Indian civilizations e.g., the Indus Valley (∼5200-3300 cal yr BP) and Vedic (∼3400-2400 cal yr BP) had established and thrived during periods of strengthened ISM precipitation, whereas their collapse closely corresponded to the decreased strength in ISM. From ∼2400 to 200 cal yr BP, the Indian subcontinent witnessed the rise and fall of various Kingdoms/dynasties. This period saw an exponential expansion/growth in agriculture, economy, population, languages, architecture, and religions in the Indian subcontinent. The agrarian-based economy showed little or no impact of monsoon weakening after ∼2400 cal yr BP possibly due to development and reforms in administrative policies, construction of irrigation systems such as dams, lakes and canals, use of technology for irrigation such as waterwheel, knowledge of double cropping, production of cash crops. The ancient civilizations of India were directly impacted by the strengthening and weakening of ISM, whereas for the later periods, civilizations were able to adapt to climate change.
•Increased ISM precipitation during global warm periods mHCO, MWP, RWP, MCA and CWP.•Decreased ISM precipitation periods corresponded with Bond events (0–3).•Solar forcing and high latitude climate teleconnections shaped ISM variability.•Ancient Indian civilizations (IVC and Vedic) were impacted by ISM variations.
Migrations are an intangible phenomenon in archaeological research. However, relocations of larger groups of people may be of key significance to the development of older communities. The article is ...an attempt to indicate the elements of material culture that may be related to the relocation of people from various parts of Great Moravia to Bohemia, Poland and perhaps also Rus’. Possible similarities and differences will be indicated between the specific regions, accompanied by considerations of the way in which these migrations could have changed the cultural picture of the area in the 10th century.
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