The power of business models Shafer, Scott M.; Smith, H. Jeff; Linder, Jane C.
Business horizons,
05/2005, Letnik:
48, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Over the past few years, “business models” have surged into the management vocabulary. But, while it has become quite fashionable to discuss business models, there is still much confusion about what ...business models are and how they can be used. In fact, business models can serve a positive and powerful role in corporate management. While other authors have recently offered definitions of “business model,” none appear to be generally accepted. This lack of consensus may in part be attributed to interest in the concept from a wide range of disciplines, all of which have found a connection to the term. To help managers better understand business models, this paper reviews the extant literature and identifies and classifies the components of business models cited therein. Components were classified into four primary categories: strategic choices, the value network, creating value, and capturing value. To address the absence of a generally accepted definition of a business model, a new definition that integrates and synthesizes the earlier work is offered. Based on the proposed definition, business models are then contrasted with strategy. Four problems associated with business models are also discussed.
On the basis of a review of the literature on populism and a definition of populism in general, the concept of media populism is developed. The structural position of media organizations is analyzed ...regarding the opportunities and constraints when using a populist rhetoric and populist political claims. Two exemplary cases of media populism (typical elements can be found in the tabloid press and in talk radio), and its prevalence in popular culture and on the Internet are discussed. Theses on the effects of media populism are developed, based on cognitive schemata and the dynamics of climates of opinion (or perceived orthodoxies).
The International Myopia Institute (IMI) Yearly Digest highlights new research considered to be of importance since the publication of the first series of IMI white papers.
A literature search was ...conducted for articles on myopia between 2019 and mid-2020 to inform definitions and classifications, experimental models, genetics, interventions, clinical trials, and clinical management. Conference abstracts from key meetings in the same period were also considered.
One thousand articles on myopia have been published between 2019 and mid-2020. Key advances include the use of the definition of premyopia in studies currently under way to test interventions in myopia, new definitions in the field of pathologic myopia, the role of new pharmacologic treatments in experimental models such as intraocular pressure-lowering latanoprost, a large meta-analysis of refractive error identifying 336 new genetic loci, new clinical interventions such as the defocus incorporated multisegment spectacles and combination therapy with low-dose atropine and orthokeratology (OK), normative standards in refractive error, the ethical dilemma of a placebo control group when myopia control treatments are established, reporting the physical metric of myopia reduction versus a percentage reduction, comparison of the risk of pediatric OK wear with risk of vision impairment in myopia, the justification of preventing myopic and axial length increase versus quality of life, and future vision loss.
Large amounts of research in myopia have been published since the IMI 2019 white papers were released. The yearly digest serves to highlight the latest research and advances in myopia.
This publication is addressed to students of security studies who attempt to define crime and describe criminogenic phenomena when working on their undergraduate or graduate theses. It is intended to ...help students decide which specific categories of crime to study and later describe. The main focus of the study is on specific categories of crime, including common crime, organized crime, drug-related crime, and juvenile crime. Students are presented with proposed definitions within selected criminological categories of crime as well as with suggestions on how to describe these phenomena in statistical terms. The hypothesis is that common crime remains the largest category in overall crime statistics, but it does not clearly prevail in terms of actual crime. The contents of this article are the product of the authors’ considerations, supported by many years of police experience, with reference to selected items of literature.
Popular non-normative terms in robot safety, including “co-existence”, “collaboration”, “cooperation”, “collaborative robot”, “cobot”, are used inconsistently in technical literature and in practice. ...Comparison of terms and evidence of inconsistency are provided on the basis of recent works about safety of collaborative robotics. Frequency and energy of interaction are discussed as more appropriated classification figures for the purpose of risk assessment. Examples and recommendations about the classification of safety methods are discussed according to contemporary state-dependent, mixed modes safety strategies.
In this review article, human asexuality, a relatively understudied phenomenon, is discussed. Specifically, definitions and conceptualizations of asexuality (e.g., is it a unique category of sexual ...orientation?), biological and historical contexts, identity issues, discrimination against asexual people relative to other minorities, origins, and variations, including gender differences, are reviewed. Whether asexuality should be construed as a disorder is also discussed. The study of asexuality allows for a better understanding of an underrecognized sexual minority but also affords a unique opportunity to examine and better understand human sexuality.
Little is known about shifts in the fecal microbiome of dairy calves preceding and following the incidence of gastrointestinal disease. The objective of this cohort study was to describe the fecal ...microbiome of preweaned dairy calves before, during, and after gastrointestinal disease. A total of 111 Holstein dairy calves were enrolled on 2 dairies (D1 and D2) and followed until 5 weeks old. Health assessments were performed weekly and fecal samples were collected every other week. Of the 111 calves, 12 calves from D1 and 12 calves from D2 were retrospectively defined as healthy, and 7 calves from D1 and 11 calves from D2 were defined as diarrheic. Samples from these calves were sequenced targeting the 16S rRNA gene and compared based on health status within age groups and farms: healthy (0–1 week old) vs. pre-diarrheic (0–1 week old), healthy (2–3 weeks old) vs. diarrheic (2–3 weeks old), and healthy (4–5 weeks old) vs. post-diarrheic (4–5 weeks old) calves. Healthy and diarrheic samples clustered together based on age rather than health status on both farms. Based on linear discriminant analysis, a few species were identified to be differently enriched when comparing health status within age groups and farm. Among them, Bifidobacterium sp. was differently enriched in pre-diarrheic calves at D1 (0–1 week old) whereas healthy calves of the same age group and farm showed a higher abundance of Escherichia coli . Bifidobacterium sp. was identified as a biomarker of fecal samples from healthy calves (2–3 weeks old) on D1 when compared with diarrheic calves of the same age group and farm. Feces from diarrheic calves on D2 (2–3 weeks old) were characterized by taxa from Peptostreptococcus and Anaerovibrio genera whereas fecal samples of age-matched healthy calves were characterized by Collinsella aerofaciens and Bifidobacterium longum . After resolution of uncomplicated diarrhea (4–5 weeks old), Collinsella aerofaciens was more abundant in D2 calves whereas Bacteriodes uniformis was more abundant in D1 calves. Taken together, these findings suggest that the age of the preweaned calf is the major driver of changes to fecal microbiome composition and diversity even in the face of uncomplicated gastrointestinal disease.
Abstract
Background
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced a revised, expanded definition of ‘clinical trial’ in 2014 to improve trial identification and administrative compliance. Some ...stakeholders voiced concerns that the policy added administrative burden potentially slowing research progress.
Methods
This quasi-experimental study examined the difference-in-differences impact of the new NIH clinical trial definition policy on participant recruitment progress in grants funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).
Results
One hundred thirty-two funded clinical trial grants were identified. While more grants were identified as clinical trials under the revised definition, the difference-in-differences in recruitment progress before and after the policy change was not statistically significant.
Conclusions
The revised NIH clinical trial definition had no clear effect on recruitment progress in newly identified NIMH-funded clinical trials as compared to traditionally identified clinical trials. Concerns that administrative delays and burden could impact study progress may be alleviated by these initial results.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Decarbonising the energy sector is crucial to reach future climate and energy goals. As established by the Energy Performance of Building Directive recast, Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) are ...the mandatory building target in Europe for all new buildings from 2021 onwards. In the light of the approaching deadline, this paper assesses the development of NZEBs in Europe based on the most recent collected data and information.
This paper provides an overview of the implementation of national definitions and energy performance values for new, existing, residential, and non-residential buildings in Member States. It evaluates the differences with the established European benchmark and cost-optimal levels. An overview of the most commonly implemented technologies in NZEBs is given together with costs and the relative projections over next decades. Finally, quantitative data on the NZEBs diffusion in Member States are given as recently assessed. The evolution of the NZEB concept and the future NZEBs role is also forecasted.
The results assume a strategic value in the light of future targets for the building sector, showing the progress made by Member States in relation to different NZEBs aspects. They provide a comprehensive analysis of the European NZEBs implementation depicting a positive overall progress improvement for NZEBs definitions, uptake, technology development, and energy performance levels. Next challenges and barriers are outlined and appear mainly related to NZEBs retrofit.
•The progress of the NZEB development is assessed in Europe.•23 Member States have in force a full NZEBs definition.•NZEBs requirements are 50% lower than cost-optimal levels.•An overview of NZEBs technologies and costs is provided.•The main challenges around NZEBs are presented and discussed.
Since the inception of urban sociology, the “neighborhood” has served as the dominant context to capture developmentally significant youth experiences beyond the home. Yet no large-scale study has ...examined patterns of exposure to the most commonly used operationalization of neighborhood—the census tract—among urban youth. Using smartphone GPS data from the Adolescent Health and Development in Context study (N = 1,405), we estimate the amount of time youth spend in residential neighborhoods and consider explanations for variation in neighborhood exposure. On average, youth (ages 11 to 17) spend 5.7 percent of their waking-time in their neighborhood but not at home, 60 percent at home, and 34.3 percent outside their neighborhood. Multilevel negative binomial regression models indicate that residence in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods is associated with less time in one’s neighborhood. Higher levels of local violence and the absence of a neighborhood school are negatively associated with time in-neighborhood and mediate the concentrated disadvantage effect. Fractional multinomial logit models indicate that higher violence is linked with increased time at home, and school absence is associated with increased outside-neighborhood time. Theoretical development and empirical research on neighborhood effects should incorporate findings on the extent and nature of neighborhood and broader activity space exposures among urban youth.
PDF
