Several phytopathogenic Fusarium species occurring worldwide on cereals as causal agents of ‘head blight’ (scab) of small grain cereals and ‘ear rot’ of maize, are capable of accumulating, in ...infected kernels, several mycotoxins some of which of notable impact to human and animal health. Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. poae, F. avenaceum and Microdochium nivale predominantly cause Fusarium diseases of small-grain cereals. Maize is predominantly attacked by F. graminearum, F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum and F. subglutinans. The review is focused on the influence of climatic variables, particularly temperature, humidity and rainfall on growth, reproduction, survival, competitive ability, mycotoxicity and pathogenicity of Fusarium fungi commonly isolated from wheat, barley and maize.
Številne fitopatogene glive rodu Fusarium, ki povzročajo plesnivost klasov žit in koruznih storžev, je sposobnih v okuženih zrnih akumulirati številne mikotoksine, med katerimi so nekateri škodljivi za zdravje ljudi in živali. Žita prvenstveno okužujejo vrste Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. poae, F. avenaceum in Microdochium nivale, medtem ko koruzo F. graminearum, F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum in F. subglutinans. V pregledu je poudarek na vplivu vremenskih dejavnikov (temperatura, vlaga in padavine) na rast, razmnoževanje, preživetje, tekmovalno sposobnost, mikotoksičnost in patogenost Fusarium vrst, običajno izoliranih iz pšenice, ječmena in koruze.
Uvod. Med nosečnostjo kadi 15 % do 25 % žensk. Znanstveni dokazi kažejo, da izpostavljenost kajenju povzroča nižjo porodno težo. Cilj te študije je oceniti povezavo med kajenjem med nosečnostjo, ...socialnodemografskimi značilnostmi matere in nizko porodno težo. Metode. Podatki so bili pridobljeni iz 1572 vprašalnikov, ki so jih izpolnile vse ženske, ki so v obdobju od leta 2008 do leta 2010 rodile v učni bolnišnici za ginekologijo »S. Anna« v Torinu (Italija). Za oceno povezave med socialno-demografskimi značilnostmi in porodno težo je bila uporabljena multipla logistična analiza; sledil je postopni pristop z »vzvratnim izločanjem« in ocena ustreznosti modela s pomočjo Hosmer- Lemeshowega testa. Rezultati. Univariatna analiza je razkrila, da kajenje cigaret (17 %), nižja stopnja izobrazbe (13 %) in ženski spol dojenčka (13 %) predstavljajo dejavnik tveganja, saj povečujejo tveganje, da bo imel otrok nizko porodno težo. Analiza z logistično regresijo je pokazala, da sta gestacijska starost in kajenje matere statistično povezani spremenljivki. Zaključki. Rezultati potrjujejo, da se porodna teža povečuje sorazmerno z gestacijsko starostjo ter da kajenje matere in spol otroka (ženski) povečujeta tveganje za nižjo porodno težo ob rojstvu. Logistična regresija dokazuje, da povezava med kajenjem matere in nizko porodno težo pomeni povečano tveganje za celotno populacijo (RO = 2,85), tako za novorojenčke moškega (RO = 3,45) kot tudi ženskega spola (RO = 2,44)
E-business is entering its mature stage. E-business in large companies has been researched in several surveys, whereas SMEs and micro companies have been researched less often. Micro companies are, ...together with SMEs, a critical part of national economies worldwide; both are central to the EU’s development strategies. It is well known that, in an information society, business models are driven by e-business concepts, and e-business models are emerging. An in-depth understanding of e-business use in micro companies is crucial for the success of such companies. The main purpose of this paper is to research the intensity of e-business use, advantages and disadvantages of e-business, the biggest problems of e-business implementation/maintenance, and attitude toward trends of e-business in micro companies. The paper presents findings from a survey carried out on a sample of micro companies. Data were collected via an e-questionnaire, and results were calculated using SPSS. The data confirmed that e-business in micro companies is most often used in connection with e-banking; e-business with the government also appears to be very important.
E-poslovanje vstopa v svojo zrelo fazo. Področje e-poslovanja v velikih podjetjih je bilo raziskano v številnih raziskavah, po drugi strani pa je zelo malo raziskav, ki obravnavajo njegovo delovanje v malih, srednje velikih in mikro podjetjih. Mikro podjetja so skupaj z malimi in srednje velikimi podjetji zelo pomemben del nacionalnih gospodarstev v svetu in imajo tudi osrednji pomen za razvoj strategij Evropske unije. Znano je, da so koncepti e-poslovanja v informacijski družbi vodilo za razvoj poslovnih modelov, vse bolj pa se pojavljajo tudi modeli e-poslovanja. V bistvu je razumevanje uporabe e-poslovanja v mikro podjetjih ključnega pomena za njihov uspeh. Glavni namen prispevka je raziskati intenzivnost uporabe e-poslovanja, njegove prednosti in slabosti, največje težave pri implementaciji/vzdrževanju ter odnos do trendov v e-poslovanju v mikro podjetjih. V glavnem delu prispevka bodo predstavljene ugotovitve na podlagi raziskave, ki je bila izvedena v mikro podjetjih. Podatki so bili zbrani z elektronskim vprašalnikom, rezultati pa izračunani s programom SPSS. Raziskava je potrdila, da se e-poslovanje v mikro podjetjih najpogosteje uporablja v povezavi z e-bančništvom, zelo pomembno pa postaja tudi e-poslovanje z vlado (Business to Government - B2G).
E-poslovanje vstopa v svojo zrelo fazo. Področje e-poslovanja v velikih podjetjih je bilo raziskano v številnih raziskavah, po drugi strani pa je zelo malo raziskav, ki obravnavajo njegovo delovanje ...v malih, srednje velikih in mikro podjetjih. Mikro podjetja so skupaj z malimi in srednje velikimi podjetji zelo pomemben del nacionalnih gospodarstev v svetu in imajo tudi osrednji pomen za razvoj strategij Evropske unije. Znano je, da so koncepti e-poslovanja v informacijski družbi vodilo za razvoj poslovnih modelov, vse bolj pa se pojavljajo tudi modeli e-poslovanja. V bistvu je razumevanje uporabe e-poslovanja v mikro podjetjih ključnega pomena za njihov uspeh. Glavni namen prispevka je raziskati intenzivnost uporabe e-poslovanja, njegove prednosti in slabosti, največje težave pri implementaciji/vzdrževanju ter odnos do trendov v e-poslovanju v mikro podjetjih. V glavnem delu prispevka bodo predstavljene ugotovitve na podlagi raziskave, ki je bila izvedena v mikro podjetjih. Podatki so bili zbrani z elektronskim vprašalnikom, rezultati pa izračunani s programom SPSS. Raziskava je potrdila, da se e-poslovanje v mikro podjetjih najpogosteje uporablja v povezavi z e-bančništvom, zelo pomembno pa postaja tudi e-poslovanje z vlado (Business to Government - B2G).
Introduction. 15 to 25% of women smoke during pregnancy. Scientific evidence suggests that exposure to smoking causes decreased birth weight. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation ...between smoking during pregnancy, maternal sociodemographic characteristics, and low birth weight. Methods. Data were derived from 1572 questionnaires administered to each woman that gave birth at the Gynecology Teaching Hospital “S. Anna” in Turin (Italy) during the period from 2008 to 2010. Multiple logistic analysis was used to evaluate the association between socio-demographic characteristics and birth weight; the stepwise approach with a “backward elimination” procedure was followed, and the goodness of fit of the model was estimated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Results. The univariate analysis revealed that smoking cigarettes (17%), having a lower educational level (13%), and female sex of the infant (13%) seem to be risk factors, as they increase the risk of having a low birth weight child. Logistic regression analysis showed that gestational age and maternal smoking are the statistically associated variables. Conclusions. The results confirmed that birth weight increases proportionally with the length of the gestational age and that maternal smoking and the child’s sex (female) increase the risk of having a lower birth weight. Logistic regression demonstrated that the association between maternal smoking and low birth weight shows an increased risk for the whole population (OR=2.85), for male (OR=3.45) and for female newborns (OR=2.44)
Uvod. Med nosečnostjo kadi 15 % do 25 % žensk. Znanstveni dokazi kažejo, da izpostavljenost kajenju povzroča nižjo porodno težo. Cilj te študije je oceniti povezavo med kajenjem med nosečnostjo, socialnodemografskimi značilnostmi matere in nizko porodno težo. Metode. Podatki so bili pridobljeni iz 1572 vprašalnikov, ki so jih izpolnile vse ženske, ki so v obdobju od leta 2008 do leta 2010 rodile v učni bolnišnici za ginekologijo »S. Anna« v Torinu (Italija). Za oceno povezave med socialno-demografskimi značilnostmi in porodno težo je bila uporabljena multipla logistična analiza; sledil je postopni pristop z »vzvratnim izločanjem« in ocena ustreznosti modela s pomočjo Hosmer- Lemeshowega testa. Rezultati. Univariatna analiza je razkrila, da kajenje cigaret (17 %), nižja stopnja izobrazbe (13 %) in ženski spol dojenčka (13 %) predstavljajo dejavnik tveganja, saj povečujejo tveganje, da bo imel otrok nizko porodno težo. Analiza z logistično regresijo je pokazala, da sta gestacijska starost in kajenje matere statistično povezani spremenljivki. Zaključki. Rezultati potrjujejo, da se porodna teža povečuje sorazmerno z gestacijsko starostjo ter da kajenje matere in spol otroka (ženski) povečujeta tveganje za nižjo porodno težo ob rojstvu. Logistična regresija dokazuje, da povezava med kajenjem matere in nizko porodno težo pomeni povečano tveganje za celotno populacijo (RO = 2,85), tako za novorojenčke moškega (RO = 3,45) kot tudi ženskega spola (RO = 2,44)
Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine the most common disease symptoms in the Slovenian adult population, to determine their prevalence and to identify the demographic and other factors ...associated with higher prevalence of the symptoms. Methods. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using computer assisted telephone interviewing - CATI thatcovered questions about the prevalence of 23 disease symptoms in the past month, their duration and general demographic information. The sample included 1,002 interviewees (age 15 - 90). Results. The results showed that the most common symptoms among Slovenian people are back pain (409 interviewees - 40.8%), joint pain (334 interviewees - 33.4%), excessive fatigue (308 interviewees - 30.7%), nervousness (285 interviewees - 28.4%), headache (280 interviewees - 27.9%), irritability (261 interviewees - 26.1%) and insomnia (259 interviewees - 25.8%). Disease symptoms occurred more often in women, the elderly, people with lower education and lower income, theunemployed, retired people and people with a chronic disease. The independent predictive factors for the presence of any symptoms were female gender and chronic disease. Conclusions. The prevalence of disease symptoms troubling the adult Slovenian population is high, as 77.3% of people suffer from at least one symptom. The study showed the population groups thatare most heavily burdened (females, the elderly, chronic patients, people with lower socio-economic status) and to which more attention should be paid in primary health care and prevention.
Namen. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kateri bolezenski simptomi se najpogosteje pojavljajo pri odraslem prebivalstvu Slovenije in določiti njihovo prevalenco in dejavnike, ki nanjo vplivajo. Metode. Raziskava je bila presečna opazovalna in je potekala s pomočjo računalniško podprtega telefonskega anketiranja - CATI. Vključena sta bila 1002 prebivalca, stara med 15 in 90 let. Telefonski intervju je zajemal vprašanja o pojavnosti 23 bolezenskih simptomov, njihovem trajanju in o demografskih podatkih. Izsledki. Slovensko prebivalstvo ima najpogosteje težave z bolečinami v hrbtenici (409 oseb - 40,8 %), bolečinami v sklepih (334 oseb - 33,4 %), s prekomerno utrujenostjo (308 oseb - 30,7 %), z živčnostjo (285 oseb - 28,4 %), glavobolom (280 oseb - 27,9 %), razdražljivostjo (261 oseb - 26,1 %) in z nespečnostjo (259 oseb - 25,8 %). Statistično pogosteje so se bolezenski simptomi pojavljali pri ženskah, starejših, nižje izobraženih, ljudeh z nižjim osebnim dohodkom, nezaposlenih, upokojenih in tistih z znano kronično boleznijo. Neodvisna napovedna dejavnika za prisotnost vsaj enega bolezenskega simptoma sta ženski spol in prisotnost kronične bolezni. Sklepi. Slovensko prebivalstvo je znatno obremenjeno z bolezenskimi simptomi, saj 77,3 % vprašanih bremeni vsaj en bolezenski simptom. Raziskava je odkrila skupine prebivalstva, ki so bolezenskim simptomom še posebej podvržene (ženske, starejši, kronični bolniki, ljudje z nižjim socioekonomskim statusom) in katerim bi morala biti namenjena še posebna pozornost na ravni primarnega zdravstvenega varstva in preventivne dejavnosti
Objectives: Research identifying reliable and country-specific predictors of smoking is needed in order to develop effective adolescent smoking prevention programmes. The objective of this study was ...to assess the cognitive and socio-demographic factors associated with smoking onset among Romanian teenagers, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data.
The data were obtained from a two-wave, one-year longitudinal study carried out among 316 senior high school non-smokers from Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Questionnaires assessed smoking behaviour, attitudes, social influence, self-efficacy and intention regarding smoking (motivational variables) as well as different sociodemographic features.
The cross-sectional analyses showed that socio-demographics and motivational variables were strongly associated with smoking behaviour; the explained variance was 76%. The longitudinal analyses revealed that four variables explained 33% of the variance in change of status from non-smoking to regular smoking over a period of one year. Regular smoking onset after one year was predicted by baseline low self-efficacy in refraining from smoking in different situations, having more smoking friends and playing truant from school. Having a brother was a protective factor.
The results suggest that smoking prevention programmes in Romania should strengthen self-efficacy beliefs and resistance against peer modelling and help Romanian young people to develop skills and action plans to cope with pressure to smoke and challenging situations.
Namen: Za razvoj učinkovitih programov za preprečevanje kajenja med mladostniki je potrebna raziskava, ki bi opredelila zanesljive dejavnike začetka kajenja, značilne za posamezno državo. Cilj te študije je bil oceniti kognitivne in socialno-demografske dejavnike, povezane z začetkom kajenja med romunskimi mladostniki, in sicer na podlagi presečnih in vzporedno primerljivih podatkov.
Podatki so bili pridobljeni z enoletno študijo, ki je vzporedno potekala v dveh vejah in je vključevala 316 dijakov zadnjih letnikov, ki niso kadili, iz romunskega mesta Cluj-Napoca. Z vprašalniki so se ocenjevali kadilsko vedenje, odnos do kajenja, družbeni vpliv, samoučinkovitost in namera v povezavi s kajenjem (motivacijske spremenljivke) ter razni socialno-demografski podatki.
Analiza presečnih podatkov je pokazala, da so bile socialno-demografske in motivacijske spremenljivke močno povezane s kadilskim vedenjem; navedena varianca je bila 76-odstotna. Analiza vzporedno primerljivih podatkov pa je razkrila, da so štiri spremenljivke pojasnile 33 odstotkov variance v spremembi statusa od nekadilca do rednega kadilca, in to v obdobju enega leta. Začetna nizka samoučinkovitost pri vzdržnosti od kajenja v različnih situacijah, večje število prijateljev kadilcev in izostajanje od pouka so nakazovali začetek rednega kajenja po enem letu. Pri mladostnikih/-cah, ki imajo brata, se je ta sorodstvena vez pokazala kot zaščitni dejavnik.
Izsledki kažejo, da bi morali programi za preprečevanje kajenja v Romuniji okrepiti prepričanje o samoučinkovitosti in upiranje vzorčnemu vedenju med vrstniki ter pomagati mladim v Romuniji razviti sposobnosti in načine ukrepanja, s katerimi bodo lahko obvladovali pritiske, ki jih napeljujejo h kajenju, in druge zahtevne situacije
Natural CO
springs (mofettes) represent extreme ecosystems with severe exhalations of ambient temperature geological CO
, inducing long-term soil hypoxia. In this paper an overview of mofette ...research in the fields of microbial ecology and biodiversity in presented, with a focus on the studies describing the impact of the changed soil gas regime on communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, archaea and bacteria. Along with the fast development of new, highthroughput molecular techniques driving the field of molecular ecology, mofettes enable new insights into the importance of the abiotic environmental factors in regulating soil biodiversity, and the community structure of these functionally important microbial groups.
Naravni izviri CO
ali mofete predstavljajo ekstremen ekosistem, kjer zaradi izhajanja geološkega plina v tleh prihaja do dologoročnega pojava hipoksije. V preglednem članku so predstavljene raziskave z območij mofet s področja mikrobne ekologije, ki opisujejo vplive sprememenjenih koncentracij talnih plinov na združbe arbuskularnih mikoriznih gliv, arhej in bakterij. Skupaj s hitrim razvojem novih molekulskih pristopov, predvsem novih generacij visokozmogljivega paralelnega sekvenciranja, ki poganjajo področje molekularne ekologije, mofete omogočajo raziskovanje vpliva abiotskih dejavnikov okolja na biodiverziteto in strukturo združb teh funkcionalno pomembnih skupin talnih mikrobov.
V prispevku razpravljamo o vlogi naravnih dejavnikov, kot so plazovitost, poplavnost, osončenost, razglednost, količina meglenih in jasnih dni, vetrovnost, kakovost zraka, hrup ter pogostost toče in ...žleda, pri vrednotenju nepremičnin. Izhajamo iz hipoteze, da v Sloveniji ne obstaja kakovostna baza podatkov, primerna za neposredno vključitev v proces ocenjevanja vrednosti nepremičnin, ter da je subjektivno zaznavanje naravnih dejavnikov najbolj izraženo pri poplavnosti. Osrednji pripomoček za merjenje stališč je vprašalnik,na katerega je odgovorilo 307 udeležencev. Rezultati kažejo, da udeleženci največji vpliv na ceno in zadovoljstvo z nepremičninami pripisujejo smradu, plazovitosti in poplavnosti, pri odločitvi o nakupu nepremičnine pa poplavnosti, hrupu in osončenosti. Udeleženci menijo, da naravni dejavniki niso dovolj upoštevani, predvsem pri modelu množičnega vrednotenja nepremičnin, saj je njihov vpliv na cenomanjši od njihovega vpliva na zadovoljstvo. Kot razlog navajajo neustrezno zakonodajo in neustrezne standarde ocenjevanja vrednosti nepremičnin. Primerjalna analiza vključevanja poplavnosti v procesvrednotenja nepremičnin v Sloveniji in ZDA pa kaže, da Slovenija na tem področju zaostaja. Ugotavljamo, da je razlog pomanjkanje ažurne evidence nacionalnih kart poplavne nevarnosti, kar pomeni pomanjkanjevhodnih podatkov v procesu ocenjevanja. Ugotavljamo, da bi bilo upoštevanje naravnih dejavnikov korak k bolj objektivnemu vrednotenju nepremičnin in tudi k pravičnejšemu sistemu nepremičninskega obdavčenja ; This article discusses the role of natural factors, suchas landslides, floods, sun exposure, panoramic views, the amount of foggy days, the amount of clear days, wind, unpleasant smells, air quality, noise, and the frequency of hail and ice, in real estate appraisal. The discussion is based on the hypothesis that Slovenialacks a quality database of natural factors that would be adequate for direct inclusion in the real estate appraisal, and that subjective perception of natural factors is the most explicit in the flooding factor. The main tool used for evaluating the participants’viewpoints was a questionnaire through which 307 answers were collected. The results show that the biggest impact on the price is attributed to unpleasant smells, landslides and floods, while the biggest impact when buying a real estate is attributed to floods, noise and sun exposure. The participants think that natural factors are not sufficiently considered in the appraisal process, as their impact on the value is smaller than their impact on satisfaction with real estate. As the main cause, they define unsuitable legislation andunsuitable standards of the real estate appraisal. The comparison of inclusion of flooding in the real estate appraisal process in Slovenia and the US shows that Slovenia lags behind the US. It has been determined that the main cause for this lies in poor and not upto-date national flooding maps, which is reflected in insufficient input data in the real estate appraisal. It has been concluded that consideration of natural factors would contribute to more objective real estate appraisal and also to a more just real estate taxation system.
The aim of the study was to determine the key environmental factors affecting Scops Owl Otus scops occurrence in the wider Kras plateau area (SW Slovenia, 665 km2). Scops Owl was systematically ...censused in 2006 (180 calling males) and in 2008 (167 calling males). Males were distributed either solitarily or clumped in groups, mostly situated in villages and its surroundings, indicating the species' synanthropic character. Crude densities were 0.3 males/km2 in 2006 and 2008, respectively, while ecological densities were 1.0 males/km2 in 2006 and 0.9 males/km2 in 2008. Population distribution remained roughly the same in both years, with the highest densities in the western and central parts of the Kras plateau, on Kraški rob and on Podgorski kras plateau. Habitat selection was analyzed at three spatial scales (regional, settlement and territory scales), based on spatial data layers (22 environmental variables), using Chi-square goodness-of-fit test and logistic regression. Results revealed that at the regional scale, Scops Owl preferably selected open habitats (extensively managed orchards, built-up areas, vineyards, permanent grasslands) and avoided dense forest and agricultural land with forest trees. As far as settlements were concerned, Scops Owl was more prone to select those that were more distant from the highway, with better preserved traditional agricultural landscape (with more hedgerows) and with higher average annual air temperature. In territory selection, Scops Owl occurrence was associated with longer distance from the highway, larger number of old buildings and higher landscape mosaics. The species seems to be threatened by traffic noise, habitat loss through abandonment and intensification of land and, potentially, by lack of breeding niches within settlements. Conservation measures should include the preservation of mosaic farmland, promotion of extensive agricultural practices, prevention of scrub and forest expansion, and maintenance of breeding niches (old trees, cavities in buildings).
Vpliv okoljskih dejavnikov na razširjenost velikega skovika Otus scops na širšem območju Krasa (JZ Slovenija)
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