Incivility in public discourse has become a pressing concern of citizens and scholars alike, but most research has focused narrowly on incivility in elite discourse. The present study examines how ...the lay public perceives incivility, using two surveys to track differences in perceptions of specific types of uncivil speech and identify predictors of those perceptions. The results show that different types of incivility elicit different responses. In particular, name-calling and vulgarity were rated as more uncivil than were other speech acts. In addition, several demographic, personality, and news consumption variables were analyzed as predictors of incivility perceptions.
•We examined halal food consumer’s behaviors.•The effect of general risk on satisfaction, trust, and recommendation intention was explored.•Satisfaction and recommendation intention differed ...significantly across male and female customers.•General risk includes multiple dimensions.
The purpose of this empirical study is to investigate the effect of general risk, a multidimensional factor, on halal customer trust, satisfaction and intention to recommend halal food. The study also calculates the mean comparison of trust, satisfaction and intention recommendation across the demographic variables of halal customers. Our results from the structural analysis revealed that general risk has significant and positive effects on trust, satisfaction, and intention to recommend halal food. In addition, the results of the mean difference test advised that satisfaction and intention to recommend halal food are significantly different between male and female customers and that trust significantly varies across halal customers with different educations and marital status backgrounds. This study added a valuable contribution to the current literature of halal food consumption by performing a set of symmetric analytical approaches to assess desired responses from halal food customers.
This study investigated the demographic characteristics and factors influencing burn injuries, primarily in low socioeconomic societies where such incidents are prevalent due to factors such as ...illiteracy and poverty.
This cross-sectional study included all burn patients admitted to Shahid Motahari Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Demographic data such as age, sex, occupation, education level, and residence as well as detailed information about the burn incidents such as date, time, location, number of people present at the scene, and referral place was collected. Additionally, comprehensive burn details such as cause, extent, severity, previous history, and need for hospitalization directly at the emergency department were documented.
The study included 2213 patients (mean age 34.98±19.41 years; range 1-96), with a men predominance (60.6%). The majority of burns (64.4%) occurred at home, primarily due to accidents (99.6%), with boiling water being the most common cause (39.2%). The most frequent burns were second-degree burns (91.8%), with an average injured body area of 6.31±6.67%. There were significant correlations between burn severity and demographic factors such as age, sex, occupation, cause of burn, hospital admission, outcome, and length of stay. Remarkably, the extent of burns was negatively correlated with the distance to the hospital, while positively correlated with the length of hospital stay.
Burn injuries were significantly influenced by demographic factors. Enhancing treatment facilities and reducing the time and distance to medical care could be crucial in high-risk cases.
Collectivism predicts mask use during COVID-19 Lu, Jackson G; Jin, Peter; English, Alexander S
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
06/2021, Letnik:
118, Številka:
23
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Since its outbreak, COVID-19 has impacted world regions differentially. Whereas some regions still record tens of thousands of new infections daily, other regions have contained the virus. What ...explains these striking regional differences? We advance a cultural psychological perspective on mask usage, a precautionary measure vital for curbing the pandemic. Four large-scale studies provide evidence that collectivism (versus individualism) positively predicts mask usage-both within the United States and across the world. Analyzing a dataset of all 3,141 counties of the 50 US states (based on 248,941 individuals), Study 1a revealed that mask usage was higher in more collectivistic US states. Study 1b replicated this finding in another dataset of 16,737 individuals in the 50 US states. Analyzing a dataset of 367,109 individuals in 29 countries, Study 2 revealed that mask usage was higher in more collectivistic countries. Study 3 replicated this finding in a dataset of 277,219 Facebook users in 67 countries. The link between collectivism and mask usage was robust to a host of control variables, including cultural tightness-looseness, political affiliation, demographics, population density, socioeconomic indicators, universal health coverage, government response stringency, and time. Our research suggests that culture fundamentally shapes how people respond to crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding cultural differences not only provides insight into the current pandemic, but also helps the world prepare for future crises.
Although evidence suggests substance and alcohol use may change during the Covid-19 pandemic there has been no full review of the evidence around this.
A systematic review of all available evidence ...was carried out to document and interpret the frequency and severity of alcohol and other substance use during the Covid-19 pandemic and their relationship to demographic and mental health variables that may suggest further clinical implications. Peer reviewed articles in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL complete and Sociological Abstracts were searched from December 2019 until November 2020.
The search and screening identified 45 articles from 513 deduplicated records. The evidence suggests a mixed picture for alcohol use. Overall, there was a trend towards increased alcohol consumption. The proportion of people consuming alcohol during the pandemic ranged from 21.7% to 72.9% in general population samples. Unlike alcohol use, there was a clear trend towards increased use of other substances use during the COVID-19 pandemic. The proportion of people consuming other substances during the pandemic ranged from 3.6% to 17.5% in the general population. Mental health factors were the most common correlates or triggers for increased use of both alcohol and other substances.
There is an increased need for treatment for alcohol and other substance use related problems during the pandemic. Increased targeting and evidence-based interventions will also be important in the period which follows this pandemic, to improve the quality of life for individuals and families, but also to prevent additional costs to society and health systems.
•There is a trend towards increased alcohol consumption and increased use of other substances during the pandemic.•The most common specific mental health disorder linked to increased use was depression.•Anxiety, hopelessness, and social isolation were also observably related to increases in use.
A human-driven decline in global burned area Andela, N.; Morton, D. C.; Giglio, L. ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
06/2017, Letnik:
356, Številka:
6345
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Fire is an essential Earth system process that alters ecosystem and atmospheric composition. Here we assessed long-term fire trends using multiple satellite data sets. We found that global burned ...area declined by 24.3 ± 8.8% over the past 18 years. The estimated decrease in burned area remained robust after adjusting for precipitation variability and was largest in savannas. Agricultural expansion and intensification were primary drivers of declining fire activity. Fewer and smaller fires reduced aerosol concentrations, modified vegetation structure, and increased the magnitude of the terrestrial carbon sink. Fire models were unable to reproduce the pattern and magnitude of observed declines, suggesting that they may overestimate fire emissions in future projections. Using economic and demographic variables, we developed a conceptual model for predicting fire in human-dominated landscapes.
ABSTRACT
Background
Impostor syndrome is increasingly presented in the media and lay literature as a key behavioral health condition impairing professional performance and contributing to burnout. ...However, there is no published review of the evidence to guide the diagnosis or treatment of patients presenting with impostor syndrome.
Purpose
To evaluate the evidence on the prevalence, predictors, comorbidities, and treatment of impostor syndrome.
Data Sources
Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO (January 1966 to May 2018) and bibliographies of retrieved articles.
Study Selection
English-language reports of evaluations of the prevalence, predictors, comorbidities, or treatment of impostor syndrome.
Data Extraction
Two independent investigators extracted data on study variables (e.g., study methodology, treatments provided); participant variables (e.g., demographics, professional setting); diagnostic tools used, outcome variables (e.g., workplace performance, reductions in comorbid conditions); and pre-defined quality variables (e.g., human subjects approval, response rates reported).
Data Synthesis
In total, 62 studies of 14,161 participants met the inclusion criteria (half were published in the past 6 years). Prevalence rates of impostor syndrome varied widely from 9 to 82% largely depending on the screening tool and cutoff used to assess symptoms and were particularly high among ethnic minority groups. Impostor syndrome was common among both men and women and across a range of age groups (adolescents to late-stage professionals). Impostor syndrome is often comorbid with depression and anxiety and is associated with impaired job performance, job satisfaction, and burnout among various employee populations including clinicians. No published studies evaluated treatments for this condition.
Limitations
Studies were heterogeneous; publication bias may be present.
Conclusions
Clinicians and employers should be mindful of the prevalence of impostor syndrome among professional populations and take steps to assess for impostor feelings and common comorbidities. Future research should include evaluations of treatments to mitigate impostor symptoms and its common comorbidities.
Mortality rates of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) continue to rise across the world. The impact of several risk factors on coronavirus mortality has been previously reported in several ...meta-analyses limited by small sample sizes. In this systematic review, we aimed to summarize available findings on the association between comorbidities, complications, smoking status, obesity, gender, age and D-dimer, and risk of mortality from COVID-19 using a large dataset from a number of studies. Electronic databases including Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Web of Sciences (WOS), EMBASE, Medline/PubMed, COVID-19 Research Database, and Scopus, were systematically searched till 31 August 2020. We included all human studies regardless of language, publication date or region. Forty-two studies with a total of 423,117 patients met the inclusion criteria. To pool the estimate, a mixed-effect model was used. Moreover, publication bias and sensitivity analysis were evaluated. The findings of the included studies were consistent in stating the contribution of comorbidities, gender, age, smoking status, obesity, acute kidney injury, and D-dimer as a risk factor to increase the requirement for advanced medical care. The analysis results showed that the pooled prevalence of mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 was 17.62% (95% CI 14.26-21.57%, 42 studies and 423,117 patients). Older age has shown increased risk of mortality due to coronavirus and the pooled odds ratio (pOR) and hazard ratio (pHR) were 2.61 (95% CI 1.75-3.47) and 1.31 (95% CI 1.11-1.51), respectively. A significant association were found between COVID-19 mortality and male (pOR = 1.45; 95% CI 1.41-1.51; pHR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.07-1.41), and current smoker (pOR = 1.42; 95% CI 1.01-1.83). Furthermore, risk of mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients is highly influenced by patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), diabetes, hypertension, obese, cancer, acute kidney injury and increase D-dimer. Chronic comorbidities, complications, and demographic variables including acute kidney injury, COPD, diabetes, hypertension, CVD, cancer, increased D-dimer, male gender, older age, current smoker, and obesity are clinical risk factors for a fatal outcome associated with coronavirus. The findings could be used for disease's future research, control and prevention.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Public and academic discourse on ageism focuses primarily on prejudices targeting older adults, implicitly assuming that this age group experiences the most age bias. We test this assumption in a ...large, preregistered study surveying Americans’ explicit sentiments toward young, middle-aged, and older adults. Contrary to certain expectations about the scope and nature of ageism, responses from two crowdsourced online samples matched to the US adult population ( N = 1,820) revealed that older adults garner the most favorable sentiments and young adults, the least favorable ones. This pattern held across a wide range of participant demographics and outcome variables, in both samples. Signaling derogation of young adults more than benign liking of older adults, participants high on SDO (i.e., a key antecedent of group prejudice) expressed even less favorable sentiments toward young adults—and more favorable ones toward older adults. In two follow-up, preregistered, forecasting surveys, lay participants ( N = 500) were generally quite accurate at predicting these results; in contrast, social scientists ( N = 241) underestimated how unfavorably respondents viewed young adults and how favorably they viewed older adults. In fact, the more expertise in ageism scientists had, the more biased their forecasts. In a rapidly aging world with exacerbated concerns over older adults’ welfare, young adults also face increasing economic, social, political, and ecological hardship. Our findings highlight the need for policymakers and social scientists to broaden their understanding of age biases and develop theory and policies that ponder discriminations targeting all age groups.
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