In this paper, we prove that the Nakayama automorphism ofa graded skew PBW extension over a finitely presented Koszul Auslander-regular algebra has trivial homological determinant. Agraded skew PBW ...extension over a connected algebraR, we compute itsP-determinant and the inverse ofσ. In the particular case of quasi-commutativeskew PBW extensions over Koszul Artin-Schelter regular algebras, we showexplicitly the connection between the Nakayama automorphism of the ring ofcoefficients and the extension. Finally, we give conditions to guarantee thatAis Calabi-Yau. We provide illustrative examples of the theory concerningalgebras of interest in noncommutative algebraic geometry and noncommu-tative differential geometry.
En este artículo, demostramos que el automorfismo de Nakayama de una extensión PBW torcida graduada sobre un álgebra de Koszul finitamente presentada y Auslander-regular tiene determinante homológico trivial. Una extensión PBW torcida graduada sobre un álgebra conexa R, calculamos su P-determinante y el inverso de σ. En el caso particular de extensiones PBW torcidas cuasi-conmutativas sobre álgebras de Koszul Artin-Schelter regulares, mostramos explícitamente la relación entre el automorfismo de Nakayama del anillo de coeficientes y la extensión. Finalmente, damos condiciones para garantizar que A sea Calabi-Yau. Proporcionamos ejemplos ilustrativos de la teoría con álgebras de interés en geometría algebraica no conmutativa y geometría diferencial no conmutativa.
Women earn better grades than men across levels of education—but to what end? This article assesses whether men and women receive equal returns to academic performance in hiring. I conducted an audit ...study by submitting 2,106 job applications that experimentally manipulated applicants’ GPA, gender, and college major. Although GPA matters little for men, women benefit from moderate achievement but not high achievement. As a result, highachieving men are called back significantly more often than high-achieving women—at a rate of nearly 2-to-1. I further find that high-achieving women are most readily penalized when they major in math: high-achieving men math majors are called back three times as often as their women counterparts. A survey experiment conducted with 261 hiring decisionmakers suggests that these patterns are due to employers’ gendered standards for applicants. Employers value competence and commitment among men applicants, but instead privilege women applicants who are perceived as likeable. This standard helps moderate-achieving women, who are often described as sociable and outgoing, but hurts high-achieving women, whose personalities are viewed with more skepticism. These findings suggest that achievement invokes gendered stereotypes that penalize women for having good grades, creating unequal returns to academic performance at labor market entry.
We use administrative records on the incomes of more than 40 million children and their parents to describe three features of intergenerational mobility in the United States. First, we characterize ...the joint distribution of parent and child income at the national level. The conditional expectation of child income given parent income is linear in percentile ranks. On average, a 10 percentile increase in parent income is associated with a 3.4 percentile increase in a child’s income. Second, intergenerational mobility varies substantially across areas within the United States. For example, the probability that a child reaches the top quintile of the national income distribution starting from a family in the bottom quintile is 4.4% in Charlotte but 12.9% in San Jose. Third, we explore the factors correlated with upward mobility. High mobility areas have (i) less residential segregation, (ii) less income inequality, (iii) better primary schools, (iv) greater social capital, and (v) greater family stability. Although our descriptive analysis does not identify the causal mechanisms that determine upward mobility, the publicly available statistics on intergenerational mobility developed here can facilitate research on such mechanisms.
My focus is on the degree to which increasing inequality in the high-income countries, particularly in the United States, is likely to limit economic mobility for the next generation of young adults. ...I discuss the underlying drivers of opportunity that generate the relationship between inequality and intergenerational mobility. The goal is to explain why America differs from other countries, how intergenerational mobility will change in an era of higher inequality, and how the process is different for the top 1 percent. I begin by presenting evidence that countries with more inequality at one point in time also experience less earnings mobility across the generations, a relationship that has been called “The Great Gatsby Curve.” The interaction between families, labor markets, and public policies all structure a child's opportunities and determine the extent to which adult earnings are related to family background—but they do so in different ways across national contexts. Both cross-country comparisons and the underlying trends suggest that these drivers are all configured most likely to lower, or at least not raise, the degree of intergenerational earnings mobility for the next generation of Americans coming of age in a more polarized labor market. This trend will likely continue unless there are changes in public policy that promote the human capital of children in a way that offers relatively greater benefits to the relatively disadvantaged.
Recent research has begun to distinguish two aspects of subjective well-being. Emotional well-being refers to the emotional quality of an individual's everyday experience—the frequency and intensity ...of experiences of joy, stress, sadness, anger, and affection that make one's life pleasant or unpleasant. Life evaluation refers to the thoughts that people have about their life when they think about it. We raise the question of whether money buys happiness, separately for these two aspects of well-being. We report an analysis of more than 450,000 responses to the Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index, a daily survey of 1,000 US residents conducted by the Gallup Organization. We find that emotional well-being (measured by questions about emotional experiences yesterday) and life evaluation (measured by Cantril's Self-Anchoring Scale) have different correlates. Income and education are more closely related to life evaluation, but health, care giving, loneliness, and smoking are relatively stronger predictors of daily emotions. When plotted against log income, life evaluation rises steadily. Emotional well-being also rises with log income, but there is no further progress beyond an annual income of ∼$75,000. Low income exacerbates the emotional pain associated with such misfortunes as divorce, ill health, and being alone. We conclude that high income buys life satisfaction but not happiness, and that low income is associated both with low life evaluation and low emotional well-being.
En un estudio anterior sobre toponomástica cubana se han marcado resortes semánticos y pragmáticos que, entre los nombres de las instituciones, motivaran la denominación de los círculos infantiles. ...Se advertía sobre la necesidad de ampliar a otros niveles el análisis, razón por la cual este trabajo planea abordar, en el mismo objeto, ciertos fenómenos morfosintácticos distintivos: su estructura, la derivación, interpretaciones del plural y la determinación. Se aplicaron métodos de orden teórico, empírico y especializado, y técnicas propias del análisis gramatical con enfoque descriptivo y funcional a fin de atender la trascendencia de los mecanismos identificados en la denominación de estos centros de educación preescolar. Los resultados contribuyen también a la descripción de la variante del español hablada en la isla.
Human capital and regional development Gennaioli, Nicola; La Porta, Rafael; Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio ...
The Quarterly journal of economics,
02/2013, Letnik:
128, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We investigate the determinants of regional development using a newly constructed database of 1,569 subnational regions from 110 countries covering 74% of the world’s surface and 97% of its GDP. We ...combine the cross-regional analysis of geographic, institutional, cultural, and human capital determinants of regional development with an examination of productivity in several thousand establishments located in these regions. To organize the discussion, we present a new model of regional development that introduces into a standard migration framework elements of both the Lucas (1978) model of the allocation of talent between entrepreneurship and work, and the Lucas (1988) model of human capital externalities. The evidence points to the paramount importance of human capital in accounting for regional differences in development, but also suggests from model estimation and calibration that entrepreneurial inputs and possibly human capital externalities help understand the data.
Este estudo trata da aquisição, por surdos adultos, da categoria funcional de determinantes (DP- Determiner Phrase) em português brasileiro escrito (PB). A partir de coleta de dados naturalísticos, ...produzidos por seis sujeitos-informantes surdos adultos, fluentes em Libras, explanamos sobre aspectos internos e fatores externos que caracterizam a aquisição de determinantes definidos na escrita de surdos adultos com nível superior. Com base no quadro teórico gerativista, investigamos os traços formais que caracterizam parametricamente a categoria dos determinantes (D) nas línguas nativa (Libras) e alvo (Português escrito), comparando os traços de D nessas línguas com o que foi encontrado nos dados de interlíngua produzidos pelos sujeitos-informantes. Quanto aos fatores externos, procuramos identificar algum tipo de interferência na aquisição do português escrito por nossos informantes, em relação: à idade de aquisição da Libras e/ou do PB; à inserção em família surda ou ouvinte, ser falante ou não falante de Libras; e ao grau de escolaridade. Como resultado, verificamos que a categoria dos determinantes em PB se apresenta em estágios variados de interlíngua nos dados dos sujeitos-informantes e que a aquisição dessa categoria se dá traço a traço, a partir de seus traços formantes, entre os quais estão definitude, gênero, número, dêixis e anáfora
The career costs of children Adda, Jérôme; Dustmann, Christian; Stevens, Katrien
Journal of political economy,
04/2017, Letnik:
125, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
We estimate a dynamic life cycle model of labor supply, fertility, and savings, incorporating occupational choices, with specific wage paths and skill atrophy that vary over the career. This allows ...us to understand the trade-off between occupational choice and desired fertility, as well as sorting both into the labor market and across occupations. We quantify the life cycle career costs associated with children, how they decompose into loss of skills during interruptions, lost earnings opportunities, and selection into more child-friendly occupations. We analyze the long-run effects of policies that encourage fertility and show that they are considerably smaller than short-run effects.
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Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Why are some individuals more likely to become owners of small businesses than others? We classify industries using measures of entry barriers and proceed to investigate how determinants of entry ...vary in high- as opposed to low-barrier fields. Claims that neither financial-capital constraints nor the educational backgrounds of aspiring small-business owners predict the likelihood of small-business entry are investigated in this context. These claims of irrelevance, we find, are inconsistent with the facts. The wealth and educational background characteristics potential entrepreneurs possess predispose them to make distinctly different industry choices, both because of the differing rewards available to them and the very different entry barriers they face. The characteristics of potential entrants, in other words, draw them toward some industries and away from others.
► Traits of potential entrepreneurs draw them toward some types of new ventures and away from others. ► High personal wealth sometimes predicts entrepreneurial entry and sometimes it doesn't. ► The college graduate trait negatively predicts entry into many lines of small business.
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