Over the past 20 years, the field of biosensor research have had a significant impact in both laboratory research and the commercial sector. Over that period, biosensors have revolutionised the care ...and management of diabetes and have had important impacts in several other areas of clinical diagnostics. Europe, North America and Asia-Pacific have all seen the rise of small and medium sized companies seeking technical and application niches in the manufacture or use of biosensors. The current activity in both gene and protein 'biochips' can be seen as the latest set of tools that allow users who are not analytical science practitioners to make technically complex and reliable measurements with the minimum of intervention. Similarly the concern about the dissemination of chemical or biological weapons and the need for their rapid and reliable detection will need to be met by devices that have many characteristics in common with biosensors.
The exposure of the German population to man-made radiation results mainly from diagnostic X-ray and nuclear medical examinations. Data are presented about the annual frequency and the average dose ...of the various examination types for West Germany in the years 1990-1992. According to these data a yearly average of approximately 1550 diagnostic examinations using ionizing radiation were performed per 1000 inhabitants resulting in an annual per caput effective dose of 1.9 mSv. Despite the frequent use of alternative examination techniques, such as sonography, nuclear magnetic resonance and endoscopy, the frequency of X-ray and nuclear medical examinations is still increasing. If collective risk assessments are done using the per caput effective dose, at least the age distribution of the patients must be considered. This leads to a "risk-modifying factor" of 0.6-0.7 for patients to be applied to the ICRP risk coefficient of 5 % per Sv valid for the general population. However, radiation risk must always be viewed in context with disease- and therapy-related risks and balanced against the benefit of the diagnostic examination, which should always exceed the risk for a well-indicated procedure.
Attenuation correction may improve the diagnostic accuracy of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). However, few studies have dealt with the clinical consequences for reporting. We compared routine ...reports based on scatter-corrected MPI (MPI-routine) with consensus readings of scatter-corrected (MPI-scatter) and scatter plus attenuation-corrected studies (MPI-attenuation) to investigate the impact of attenuation correction on reporting. One hundred consecutive stable angina patients (including 55 men) were investigated in a 99mTc-sestamibi 2-day gated protocol with scatter and attenuation correction. With MPI-routine, 53 patients had normal perfusion and 47 abnormal perfusion, compared to 62 and 38 with MPI-attenuation, and 54 and 46, respectively, with MPI-scatter. Agreement between MPI-routine and MPI-attenuation with respect to overall diagnosis (normal/abnormal perfusion) was 89% (kappa=0.78) compared to 95% (kappa=0.90) between MPI-routine and MPI-scatter. With MPI-attenuation, the overall routine diagnosis changed in 11 patients, of which ten cases were judged normal after scatter plus attenuation correction. The majority of the "normalised" studies were among patients with apparently single-vessel RCA disease as judged from MPI. Agreement rates with regard to normal, reversible or irreversible defects between MPI-attenuation and MPI-routine for the LAD, LCX and RCA territories were 88%, 97% and 85%, respectively, without significant sex differences. In conclusion, attenuation correction caused a change in diagnosis in approximately 10% of the patients, corresponding to one-fifth of the abnormal studies. In all but one case, the shift was from abnormal to normal, mostly because of a different interpretation in the RCA territory.
Laser Ignition of DAAF, DHT and DAATO3.5 Ali, Arif N.; Sandstrom, Mary M.; Oschwald, David M. ...
Propellants, explosives, pyrotechnics,
October 2005, Letnik:
30, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
CO2 laser ignition experimental results are reported for the high‐nitrogen materials 3,6‐dihydrazino‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine (DHT), 3,3′‐diamino‐4,4′‐azoxyfurazan (DAAF), and mixed N‐oxides of ...3,3′‐azo‐bis(6‐amino‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine) (DAATO3.5, where the “3.5” indicates the average oxide content) at a maximum irradiance level of approximately 140 W/cm2. Diagnostics include a photodiode, indium antimonide (InSb) IR detector, high speed (HS) video and a CO2 photodetector. “First light” is measured for DAATO3.5 and DAAF, however, due to the low visible light emission of the gas phase, thermal runaway, as measured by the InSb, is used as the ignition criterion for DHT. Ignition in the gas phase is captured by the high speed camera. It is observed that an increase in laser irradiance results in an increase in ignition and flame stand‐off distance for DAATO3.5. The high‐nitrogen material laser ignition results are compared to the common nitramine explosive, octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocine (HMX). Laser ignition delays for the different high‐nitrogen materials are also compared in the context of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) data. It is determined that DSC onset temperature, while a rough indicator of ignition delay trends, is not the equivalent of a direct measure of ignition temperature.
V članku so prikazane negovalne diagnoze pri ginekoloških bolnicah. Operacijska medicinska sestra na podlagi njih načrtuje, izvaja in vrednoti zdravstveno nego. Predstavljen je tudi obisk operacijske ...medicinske sestre pri bolnicah, ki čakajo na operacijo. Ti obiski se izvajajo na ginekološkem oddelku Splošne bolnišnice Maribor od 1. februarja 2002.
