The paper presents some results of the study of precedent names of a Chinese cultural space and describes the main methods of fixing and circulating precedent names (PN) in a modern Chinese ...discourse. According to the author, the main ways include epithets-invariants of the perception of referents of precedent names in dictionaries and textbooks, and, therefore, in the minds of the Chinese who went to school; special dictionaries and collections with images of PN referents (more often these are historical personalities) and very brief encyclopedic information about them; adapted chapters from precedent texts with headings in the form of precedent names-eventonyms in books for children and teenagers; phraseological units and set expressions of Chinese language of all types which are connected with the precedent phenomena; frame works; precedent names, precedent texts. The author believes that epithets represented by phraseological units, phraseological units as such, name variants and precedent texts can be attributed to primary basic methods. These methods show the specifics of the Chinese cultural space and serve the basis for PN preservation, fixation and translation. Special dictionaries and collections, adapted texts of chapters from classic novels with names in the form of PN eventonyms and frame works are secondary derived methods and tools that demonstrate the great demand of the Chinese linguistic and cultural community for precedent names and are based on language-saved knowledge of PN and other precedent phenomena.
L’objectif de la présente étude consiste à vérifier comment se dessine la présence des appellations, communes et spécialisées, liées à la couleur bleue dans les neuf éditions du
Dictionnaire de ...l’Académie Française
, un des plus importants dictionnaires usuels, ayant pour mission de présenter les mots de langue commune. La liste de départ fut construite manuellement à la base du
Glossaire des matériaux de la couleur
de Bernard Guineau (2005). De 188 termes désignant le bleu (noms de couleurs, pigments et colorants), 57 sont présents dans le DAF, dont 32 sont des termes de « couleurs matières » (Charnay et de Givry, 2011). Or, cette présence augmente pour ainsi dire d’une édition à l’autre, ainsi que la façon de définir un mot change avec, d’un côté, l’accroissement des savoirs et des connaissances, et de l’autre, l’interpénétration des langages et des terminologies. Dans le présent article, nous fournissons des statistiques et des exemples qui montrent comment changent le statut des mots étudiés et la perspective qu’adoptent les lexicographes vis-à-vis du lexique spécialisé.
The story of a color seen through a dictionary. On the example of BLUE color terms in the nine editions of the Dictionary of the French Academy
. The objective of the present study is to verify the presence of common and specialized names related to the color blue in the nine editions of the Dictionary of the French Academy, one of the most important dictionaries in the world, whose mission is to present the words of common language. The starting list was constructed manually on the basis of Bernard Guineau’s
Glossaire des matériaux de la couleur
(2005). Of 188 terms designating blue (names of colors, pigments and dyes), 57 are present in the DAF, of which 32 are terms of “material colors” (Charnay and de Givry, 2011). Now, this presence increases, so to speak, from one edition to another, as well as the way of defining a word changes a lot with, on the one hand, the increase of knowledge and know-how, and on the other hand, the interpenetration of languages and terminologies. In this article we provide statistics and examples that show how the status of the words changes and the perspective that lexicographers adopt towards the specialized lexicon.
Trois décennies après le premier colloque sur les articulations entre lexicographie et littérature dans le domaine français aux XIX
e
et XX
e
siècle, dont il fut le concepteur et un des deux ...organisateurs, l’auteur dresse un bilan évaluatif des recherches concernant les rapports variés des écrivains aux dictionnaires, puis focalise sa réflexion sur la “littérarité” dont différents analystes ont crédité certains dictionnaires. La conjonction d’un examen critique de leurs appréciations et de l’exploration de la production lexicographique française postérieure à la Deuxième Guerre mondiale débouche sur une circonscription raisonnée des intersections de celle-ci avec la création littéraire.
“Dictionary” literature and “literary” dictionaries
Three decades ago the first conference on the links between French lexicography and literature in the 19
th
and 20
th
centuries took place. The author, designer and one of the two organizers of the conference, draws up an assessment of the research done on the varied relations writers have with dictionaries. He then focuses on the “literary” aspect given to some dictionaries by different analysts. The combination of a critical analysis of these appreciations and an analysis of the French post-Second-World-War lexicographic production leads to somewhat reduced scope of interactions between lexicography and literary creation.
This substantial and ambitious dictionary explores the languages and cultures of visual studies. It provides the basis for understanding the foundations and motivations of current theoretical and ...academic discourse, as well as the different forms of visual culture that have come to organize everyday life. The book is firmly placed in the context of the 'visual turn' in contemporary thought. It has been designed as an interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary introduction to the vocabularies and grammars of visuality that inform thinking in the arts and humanities today. It also offers insight into the philosophical frameworks which underpin the field of visual culture. A central theme that runs throughout the entries is the task of moving away from a narrow understanding of visuality inherited from traditional philosophy toward a richer cultural and multi-sensorial philosophy of concrete experience. The dictionary incorporates intertextual links that encourage readers to explore connections between major themes, theories and key figures in the field. In addition the author's introduction provides a comprehensive and critical introduction which documents the significance of the visual turn in contemporary theory and culture. It is accompanied by an extensive bibliography and further reading list. As both a substantive academic contribution to this growing field and a useful reference tool, this book offers a theoretical introduction to the many languages of visual discourse. It will be essential reading for graduate students and scholars in visual studies, the sociology of visual culture, cultural and media studies, philosophy, art history and theory, design, film and communication studies.
Barry Sandywell is Honorary Research Fellow in Social Theory in the Department of Sociology at York, UK. He is the author of Logological Investigations (1996), a multi-volume work on the history of reflexivity, alterity and ethics in philosophy and the human sciences: Reflexivity and the Crisis of Western Reason (volume 1), The Beginnings of European Theorizing: Reflexivity in the Archaic Age (volume 2), and Presocratic Reflexivity: The Construction of Philosophical Discourse (volume 3). He is also the co-editor of Interpreting Visual Culture: Explorations in the Hermeneutics of the Visual (1999) and of essays on Baudrillard, Bakhtin, and Benjamin and other theorists published in various journals and collections. Recent publications include essays on digitalization, cyberspace, new media and global criminality as part of a continuing programme of research concerned to map the reflexive transformations of postmodern societies and cultures. He is currently editing (with Ian Heywood) an original collection of essays with the title Handbook of Visual Culture which will be published by Berg in 2011.
The research into the dependence of translation techniques choice on the term structure in the source language on the material of rendering 603 English single-word terms and terminological ...collocations (related to pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics) into Ukrainian contributed to suggesting the following preliminary conclusions. The choice of translation techniques in rendering single-word terms depends, to a certain degree, on their structure. The share of the dictionary equivalents decreases with the increase in the term complexity, falling from 82% in the case of simple terms and prefixal derivatives to 58% concerning the suffixal, 34% – prefix-suffixal and 9% – compound lexemes. The transcoding share is minimal with prefixal and simple terms, steadily growing with suffixal, prefix-suffixal and compound lexemes. Dictionary equivalents complemented by transcoding may be enough to render simple terms, prefixal derivatives may additionally require contextual substitution or addition in the case of suffixal lexemes. The growth in the terminology complexity results in the expansion of the translation procedures ranges to four or even six techniques in rendering the prefix-suffixal terms. Adjectival, participial and verbal two-word collocations are mostly translated by calquing. The addition of a noun reduces its share, increasing the role of transformations. The correlation of translation techniques depends on the nature of the added element. If it is an adjective, the impact of calquing grows; the addition of a noun contributes to the expansion of transformations.
The series features monographs and edited volumes on the topics of lexicography and meta-lexicography. Works from the broader domain of lexicology are also included if they strengthen the ...theoretical, methodological and empirical basis of lexicography and meta-lexicography. Thevolumes focus on aspects of lexicography such as micro- and macrostructure, typology, history of the discipline, and application-oriented lexicographical documentation.
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