AbstrakKeterlibatan Orang Maluku dalam percaturan perdagangan internasional dan perjumpaan dengan berbagai pedagang asing telah membawa perubahan dalam peradaban Orang Maluku. Dari para pedagang ...asing ini para Sultan dan raja-raja memperoleh pengetahuan tentang: agama, perdagangan, pelayaran maupun berbagai teknologi baru. Perdagangan internasional membawa dampak yang cukup penting bagi kehidupan sosial budaya Maluku, karena menjadi ruang perjumpaan berbagai Negara dengan latar budaya yang berbeda-beda dan berpengaruh terhadap budaya asli Maluku, namun identitas Maluku tetap terjaga, yakni ciri kebudayaan monodualitas. Dalam kebudayaan monodualistis kedua kelompok harus tetap ada dan satu harus memberikan kemungkinan kepada yang lain untuk tetap hidup, sebab kalau satu tidak ada maka keberadaan yang lain tidak berarti. Dalam waktu bersamaan juga tumbuh ikatan-ikatan persaudaraan yang didasarkan pada nilai tolong menolong antar sesama. Hal ini lahir sebagai upaya penegakan keseimbangan baru dalam perbedaan untuk peredam kekerasan dan keinginan untuk hidup berdampingan secara damai. AbstractThe involvement of the Moluccan in the international trade and the interaction with the foreign traders has brought the transformation in the civilization of tbe Moluccas. Through these foreign traders sultans and the kings achieving knowledge on religion, trade, seafaring and new technologies. The international trade has created major impacts on the social and cultural life in the moluccas asnit save as a interaction space for countries with variois background and has influenced the original cultural of the Moluccas although the identity of the Moluccas is the existed with the monodualism characteristic. In the perspective of the monodualistic culture every group has to still exist and must depend one another to support every part. As the meaning of one always depends on the existence of the other. In the same time the brotherhood relationship has grew based on tbe mutual benefit principal. This phenomenom was existed as an effort to create the new balance in difference to control the conflict and violence and as a good will to live in peace.
Studi ini di rancang untuk mengungkap apa yang sebenarnya terjadi dibalik konflik berkepanjangan dalam pemindahan Ibukota Kabupaten Banggai Kepulauan Propinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Di Kabupaten ini, ada ...dua kubu yang memperebutkan letak ibukota Kabupatennya. Ada yang menghendaki Kota Banggai dan ada yang menghendaki Kota Salakan. Masing-masing kubu punya alasannya sendiri, namun sama-sama tidak berterus terang dalam mengenai akar konflik yang mereka hadapi. Ketimpangan sepertinya luput dari perhatian kedua kubu. Tulisan ini lebih memfokuskan pada analisis aktor dan perkembangan tahapan-tahapan konflik dalam kerangka manajemen konflik perebutan dan pemindahan ibukota di era desentralisasi dan gencarnya spirit otonomisasi dan pemekaran daerah.
Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi stupanj morfološke (masa sjemena) i funkcionalne (klijavost, dormantnost, smrtnost sjemena i dinamika klijanja) varijabilnosti unutar dvije populacije sjemena ...korovne vrste Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (ambrozija) sakupljene u sjeverozapadnom dijelu Hrvatske: Jastrebarsko (45 ° 40'18˝N; 15 ° 39'03˝E), populacija-J i Popovača (45 ° 34´1˝N; 16 ° 40´43˝E), populacija-P. Prikupljeno je sjeme s 20 biljaka/populaciji u listopadu 2014. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na slabu varijabilnost (CV-J = 18,2%, CV-P = 29,8%) mase 1 000 sjemenki s prosječnom masom od 4,05 g (J) i 4,54 g (P). Intrapopulacijska varijabilnost bila je relativno visoka za udio mrtvog sjemena u populaciji-J (CV = 67,6%), ali vrlo slaba za udio klijavog (CV = 4,9%) te umjerena za udio dormantnog sjemena (CV = 51,0%). Varijabilnost unutar populacije-P bila je umjerena za udio klijavog i mrtvog sjemena (CV = 34,5%; 34,1%), a relativno slaba za udio
dormantnog sjemena (CV = 14,2%). Dinamika klijanja (T10, T50 i T90) obje populacije bila je slabo ili umjereno varijabilna. Sredina klijanja (T50) bila je relativno slabo varijabilna za obje istraživane populacije (CV - J = 12,0%; CV - P = 22,4%).
Kerusuhan merupakan fenomena yang terjadi secara spontan, sehingga kompleks untuk diprediksi dan dianalisis secara komprehensif. Padahal, keterlibatan individu dalam kerusuhan penting untuk diteliti, ...mengingat berbagai sejarah kekerasan massa yang terjadi di Indonesia, guna memberikan penjelasan yang komprehensif mengenai apa saja yang memicu kekerasan massa. Dengan menggunakan tinjauan naratif berdasarkan literatur yang diterbitkan tahun 1990–2020, studi ini bertujuan memberikan kerangka pemahaman mekanisme psikologis masyarakat yang terlibat dalam kerusuhan Mei 1998. Kerangka psikologis ini juga diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi untuk memahami psikologi sosial dari pelaku kerusuhan massa dalam berbagai konteks. Hasil analisis menunjukkan tiga kategori atribut utama, yaitu: proses inter-kelompok, proses intra-kelompok, dan karakteristik personal. Ketiga kategori atribut tersebut dapat berinteraksi dengan konteks sosial (seperti: faktor sosial, ekonomi, dan politik), sehingga muncul motivasi serta justifikasi untuk melakukan kekerasan massa.
In this article, I study Islamic education developing in undulated ways from the classic to modern era, including in Indonesia. There is dynamics in two cases: institution and methodology. In term of ...institutional dynamics, Islamic educational institutions are established through three phases: mosques, Khan Mosques and madrasahs. In Indonesia, madrasahs are formed from teaching and learning in Muslim leaders’ (kiyais) houses, mosques, Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) and then madrasahs. In term of methodological dynamics, Islamic education in madrasahs is started from lecture, memorization, and open discussion. In Indonesia, the developed methods are lecture given through sorogan, bandongan, and classical ways. Those institutional and methodological dynamics bring about madrasahs have special characteristics as particular Islamic educational institutions. As a result, excellent and model madrasahs have been established recently.
Šumske čistine (eng. forest clearings, forest gaps, canopy openings) čine regeneracijske oblike uravnoteženih i pretežito zrelih šumskih sastojina. Kao neizostavan dio dinamike razvoja strukturno ...stabilnih šumskih kompleksa te posljedica otvaranja sastojinskog sklopa, odlikuju se strukturnom i mikroklimatskom jedinstvenošću te konstantnom promijenjivošću (White i Pickett 1985, Runkle i Yetter 1987, Busing i White 1997, Schliemann i Bockheim 2011). Unatoč brojnim istraživanjima šumskih čistina diljem svijeta, nedovoljno poznavanje ovakvih oblika staništa na našem području, uz varijabilnost sindinamičkih procesa u odnosu na klimu i zemljopisni položaj, najveći su uzroci problematike njihove kategorizacije. Dodatni izazov na području Hrvatske predstavlja i njihova uloga u gospodarenju šumama unutar Natura 2000 mreže (NN 7/2006), zbog čega široko shvaćeni pojam „šumske čistine“ u vegetacijskom smislu čini, ne samo izazov u gospodarenju šumama, nego potencijalno i praktični problem u obliku provođenja mjera zaštite. S ciljem približavanja postojeće problematike njihovog definiranja, ovim je radom, na temelju primjenjivih dosadašnjih istraživanja, uspostavljena strukturna kategorizacija šumskih čistina s obzirom na podrijetlo, tip (oblik), veličinu, prostorni smještaj i vegetacijsku pripadnost prema Nacionalnoj klasifikaciji staništa Republike Hrvatske, uz prijedlog održivih mjera zaštite. Predložena kategorizacija, vegetacijska pripadnost, jednako kao i mjere zaštite, podložne su naknadnim izmjenama i/ili dopunama te mogu poslužiti kao temeljno polazište budućih istraživanja ovakvih oblika staništa naših prostora.
Forest clearings, forest gaps and canopy openings are very important habitat elements of diverse, balanced and mostly mature forest stands. As an indispensable part of developing stable forest complexes, formed by localized stand openings, forest clearings are characterized by structural uniqueness and constant variability (White and Pickett 1985, Runkle and Yetter 1987, Busing and White 1997, Schliemann and Bockheim 2011). Despite numerous studies of forest clearings in various types of forest ecosystems around the world, the insufficient knowledge of such habitat forms in our area, as well as the syndynamic variability related to climate and geographical position, represent the biggest source of their categorization difficulties. Additional challenge of forest clearings in Croatia is their role in forest management programme within the Natura 2000 preservation network (OG 7/06), where non-selective control measure prescription in practice can lead to undesirable consequences of other forest habitat types. For this reason, this widely understood vegetation term “forest clearing” represents, not just a challenge in forest management, but potentially practical problem of control measure implementation. In order to clarify and approximate the existing terminology issues, this paper, based on applicable research, established structural categorization of forest clearings regarding their origin, type (shape), size, location and vegetation affiliation in accordance with the National Habitat Classification of the Republic of Croatia, as well as proposed types of sustainable control measures. The results are subjected to subsequent changes and/or additions and can be used as fundamental starting point for future research of forest clearings in our area.
ABSTRAK Seni Karawo merupakan seni ornamen tekstil tradisional yang unik dan berkembang dinamis. Dinamika perkembangan seni Karawo diduga terjadi melalui fase-fase tertentu dan dipengaruhi oleh ...berbagai faktor. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkap fase-fase perkembangan seni karawo serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, observasi, telaah dokumen, dan studi pustaka. Data dianalisis secara interaktif melalui tahap reduksi data, display data serta pembahasan, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, dinamika perkembangan seni karawo dengan berbagai faktor yang memengaruhi terjadi melalui lima fase, yaitu: 1) seni karawo sebagai aktivitas berkesenian dipengaruhi oleh daya kreativitas kreator, kebutuhan keindahan, dan sulam kristik; 2) seni karawo sebagai kegiatan adat dipengaruhi oleh kerumitan seni karawo, kehormatan keluarga dan legitimasi adat; 3) seni karawo sebagai komoditas dipengaruhi oleh keunikan dan keindahan seni karawo, desainer motif, dan kepentingan ekonomi; 4) seni karawo sebagai identitas budaya dipengaruhi oleh keunikan seni karawo dan rasa kesukuan; dan 5) seni karawo sebagai budaya massa (budaya populer) dipengaruhi oleh keunikan dan keindahan seni karawo, kebutuhan ekonomi, media massa, dan popularitas daerah. Kata kunci: seni karawo, faktor internal dan eksternal, dinamika perkembangan. ABSTRACT Karawo Art is a unique and dynamic traditional textile ornament art. The dynamics of the development of Karawo’s art are thought of occurred through certain phases and were influenced by various factors. This study aims to reveal the phases of the development of karawo art and the factors that influence it. The research uses qualitative methods. Data is collected through interviews, observation, document review, and literary study. The data are analyzed interactively through the stages of data reduction, data display and discussion, and drawing conclusions. The results show that the dynamics of karawo art development with the various influencing factors occurred through five phases, namely: 1) karawo art as an artistic activity is influenced by creator’s creativity, the beauty needs, and cross stitching; 2) karawo arts as customary activities are influenced by the complexity of karawo art, family honor and customary legitimacy; 3) karawo art as a commodity is influenced by the uniqueness and beauty of karawo art, motives designer, and economic interests; 4) karawo art as a cultural identity is influenced by the uniqueness of karawo art and ethnicity; and 5) karawo art as a mass culture (popular culture) is influenced by the uniqueness and beauty of karawo art, economic needs, mass media, and regional popularity. Keywords: karawo art, internal and external factors, development dynamics
Procjena opasnosti od katastrofa vezanih uz vodu važna je za smanjenje rizika i upravljanje rizicima u svrhu održivog razvoja. Taj se problem pojavljuje kod prekograničnih voda, dodajući geopolitičke ...probleme već postojećima. Za pomicanje granica, kao što je granica između Afganistana i Tadžikistana i Uzbekistana, kartiranje i praćenje dinamike rijeke važno je za rješavanje potencijalnih problema koji se mogu pojaviti zbog pomaka obale rijeke. Kako bi se ostvarili ciljevi ove studije, kartiranje i analiziranje prenamjene zemljišta, dinamika riječnih kanala, mjerenje lateralne erozije i nagomilavanja u razdoblju između 1990. i 2020., korištene su četiri snimke Landsat. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su značajan pomak obale rijeke, posebno od sjevera prema jugu, što je uzrokovalo domaćem stanovništvu u Afganistanu štete u poljoprivrednim područjima. Također, rezultati su pokazali ukupno područje pomaka rijeke na obje strane granice. Najkritičniji dijelovi rijeke također su otkriveni te se zaključilo da se neki dijelovi granice pomaknu do 3 km unutar teritorija Afganistana. Takve informacije mogu pomoći lokalnoj i međunarodnoj administraciji u rješavanju problema nastalih zbog neriješenih politika međusobnog korištenja voda te mogu pomoći u donošenju geopolitičkih odluka korisnih za obje strane.
ABSTRACT The majority of researchers have carried out simulations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental investigation for design, manufacturing, performance evaluation, ...understanding flow behavior, efficiency prediction, condition optimization, etc. The main objective of the recent paper is to compare horizontally finned and 45° inclined finned solar air collector absorbers and to select the better construction using numerical simulation. ANSYS Fluent Workbench 2022 with renormalization-group (RNG) group k–ε turbulence model was applied for the analysis of the computational domain of solar air heaters. The simulation results generated using CFD were validated with data from the literature, and the simulation results were in agreement with experimental results from the relevant literature. Based on the simulation results the horizontal finned solar air collector absorber has better heat transfer behavior than the 45° inclined. ABSTRAK Mayoritas peneliti umumnya melakukan simulasi menggunakan perangkat komputasi, seperti computational fluid dynamic (CFD) dan eksperimental untuk menunjang keperluan desain, rancang bangun sistem, evaluasi kinerja dan karakteristik aliran, memperkirakan kinerja, serta optimalisasi, dll. Target dari makalah ini adalah membandingkan pemanas udara surya dengan sirip posisi horizontal dan miring 45° yang dipasang pada kolektor surya untuk memilih konstruksi terbaik secara numerik. ANSYS Fluent Workbench 2022 dengan model turbulensi k–ε renormalisasi grup (RNG) digunakan sebagai perangkat simulasi. Hasil simulasi divalidasi dengan data eksperimental dari literatur yang relevan, dan memperlihatkan kecenderungan yang sama. Berdasarkan simulasi, kolektor udara surya bersirip horizontal mempunyai karakteristik perpindahan panas yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kolektor udara bersirip miring 45°.
PDF
