XVI a. pradžioje kylant rašytinei kultūrai, susidarė sąlygos tyčinėms ar netyčinėms raštų klastotėms atsirasti. Dar Pirmajame Lietuvos Statute už valdovo raštų klastojimą buvo numatyta mirties ...bausmė. Tačiau raštininkai, nebijodami gresiančios bausmės, vis tiek klastodavo dokumentus. Amžininkai, susidūrę su klastotėmis, turėdavo imtis dokumento ekspertizės. Ne visi falsifikatai amžininkų buvo išaiškinti ir atpažinti, todėl šiandien istorikai ir istorinių šaltinių leidėjai susiduria su falsifikatais. Pasitaiko atvejų, kai istorikas neatpažįsta, nepatikrina ar nepastebi falsifikato ir jis atsiduria įvairiuose leidiniuose kaip originalas. Kartais falsifikatas publikuojamas keletą kartų, o remiantis juo, istoriografijoje atsiranda faktinių klaidų. Vienas tokių falsifikato pavyzdžių – tai Aleksandro Jogailaičio 1506 m. kovo 22 d. privilegija Onai Masalskienei ir trims jos sūnums. Šiame straipsnyje, pasitelkus pagalbinius istorijos mokslus, tikrinant istorinius faktus, aiškinamasi, ar ši privilegija gali būti falsifikatas.
Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluşundan Tanzimat’a kadarki süreçte en etkili hukuki icrâ mercii şer‘iyye mahkemeleridir. Bu mahkemelerde her açıdan kamuyu ilgilendiren cezâî davalar, şahıslar ve kurumlar ...arasındaki hukukî davalar, ordu mensuplarıyla ilgili askerî davalar, vergi, harç vb. mali yükümlülüklerle ilgili malî davalar görülmüştür. Bundan dolayıdır ki bu tarihe kadarki şer‘iyye sicilleri, muhteva açısından oldukça zengindir. Osmanlı hukuk sisteminin işleyişi ve geçirdiği değişimin incelenmesinde birinci el kaynak niteliğindeki bu sicillerle ilgili zamanla standart formlar oluşmuştur. Sicillerin başında genelde Arapça olan dibâce yani bir giriş kısmı yer almaktadır. Bu kısımda, şer‘i kanunları koyan Allah’a ve bu hükümleri tebliğ eden Hz. Peygamber’e saygı arz edilerek sicile başlanmıştır. Sicillerin serlevhalarında ilk olarak Esmâ-i hüsnâ, hamdele ve besmele yazılmıştır. İstanbul Kadı Sicillerinde Tanzimat öncesinde ve sonrasında, sicillerin kapağında sicil defterini tutan kadı’nın adı, görev tarihi, defterin ihtiva ettiği tarihler ve muhtevasına ait özlü bilgiler yer almaktadır. Bu bilgiler genelde katı‘ adı verilen sanatla kesilen kâğıtların üzerine yazılarak, sicil kapağına yapıştırılmıştır. Şer‘iyye sicillerinde deri, cilt ve ebru sanatlarının uygulanmasının yanında katı‘ sanatının da bulunması, onların sanatsal kıymetini artırmıştır. Şer‘iyye Sicillerinin serlevhalarında Esmâ-i hüsnâ ve Besmele, farklı ifade kalıplarıyla yazılmıştır. Tanzimat öncesinde özellikle sicilin başında Allah’ın adaleti, ilmi, affediciliği, zenginliği, her şeyi işitmesi, duyması ve bilmesi, bağışlayıcılığı, izzet ve şerefli oluşu, karşılıksız ihsan ediciliği, cömertliği, benzersiz yaratıcılığı, eşi ve denginin olmayışını ifade eden Esmâ-i hüsnâsı zikredilmiştir. Tanzimat’tan sonra ise sadece Allah’ın birliğine vurgu yapan isimleri tercih edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda İstanbul Kadılığı’nın payitaht kadılığı olması hasebiyle İstanbul Kadılığı Sicillerinin muhtevâları kadar serlevhalarının diplomatik özellikleri de oldukça önemlidir. Çalışmamızda Şer‘iyye Sicilleri Arşivi’ndeki İstanbul Kadılığı sicillerinin serlevhaları ve başlangıç formları yıllara göre muhtevâ, diplomatika ve sanatsal açıdan tahlil edilmiştir.
From the foundation of the Ottoman State to the Tanzimat period, the most effective legal execution authority was the sharia (Islamic law) courts. All kinds of criminal, legal, military, judicial and financial cases were executed in these courts. Thus the sharia registers up to that date were very rich considering content. Over time, standard forms have emerged regarding these registers, which are primary sources of study for examining the functioning of the Ottoman Judicial system and the changes it has undergone. At the beginning of the registers (Sijill), an introductory part is typically written in Arabic named dibâce. This section begins by respecting Allah, who established the Sharia laws, and the Prophet, who conveyed these provisions. Sarlavhas (the headlines) of the registers include Asma-ul-Husna, hamdalah, and Basmala. Before and after the Tanzimat Reforms, the name of the qadi responsible for maintaining the registry book, the date of duty, the dates covered in the book, and concise information about its contents are included in the Istanbul Qadi Registries. This information is written on specially cut and artfully designed papers known as 'solid' and affixed to the cover of the registry. In addition to applying leather, bookbinding, and marbling arts in the Shariyyah registers, including the 'solid' art, has enhanced their artistic value. Asma-ul-Husna and Basmala were written in different expression patterns in the headlines of the Shariyyah Registers. Among the Asma-ul-Husna "Fattah, Razzak, Kareem, Aleem, Baqi, Ghaffar, Hakeem, Ghafoor, Muqsit, Rahmaan, Ghaniyy, Mughni, Samee', Lateef, Hameed, Samad, Wadud, Hafeedh, Majeed, Mu'iiz, Mutaali, Malik, Haleem, and Wahhaab" were recorded as sarlavha. In addition to these, "Hannaan, Mannaan, Sattar, Fayyaz, Jawaad, Ahad, Hallaq, Naseer, Moeen and Fard" are among the most frequently mentioned names in the Istanbul Qadı Shariyyah Registers. The diplomatic features of the sarlawhas (registers) as well as their contents are important for the study of the Istanbul Qadi Registers. In this study, the sharia registers of the Istanbul Qadi in the Archive of Sharia Registries emerged between the years 1021-1342/1612-1923 were analyzed in terms of content, diplomatic and artistic aspects. Thus, the significance of the Istanbul Qadi Registers in terms of Ottoman diplomacy has been brought to light through the presented data.
In the end of the 14th–15th c., 250 full private documents written in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were known. In the end of the 14th century, early private documents were approved by the issuer ...seal, list of witnesses and the scribe direction. However, eventually it was not consistently observed. The research shows obvious differences which confirm not only different types of documents, but also different writing traditions (Latin and Ruthenian). For example, a bigger part of the Latin private documents (donations, sales, testimonies, etc.) were approved by the seal of one issuer, but the Ruthenian practice of sales documents approval was ambivalent. Since their emergence (from the middle of the 15th c.), one part of documents were approved only by the issuer seal and the other part by the issuers’ and witnesses’seals together. Since the 8th decade of the 15th century, the biggest part of Ruthenian sales was approved by issuer and witnesses seals. The Latin sales were stamped only by the issuer, but at the end of the 15th century there several sales which were approved by the seals of the listed witnesses (obviously it was the influence of the Ruthenian practice). Also, the article analyzes the use of the list of witnesses, the recording of clericals and secular officials, the practice of notaries, scribes’ naming, and others.
The law of immunity of states, of international organisations, and of public officials is one of the most important and most controversial topics of international law. The book takes up new trends ...and challenges in this field and assesses them within the framework of global constitutionalism and multilevel governance. Contains chapters in both English and French.
In his career as a medieval historian, Miho Barada mostly used written sources.
In this paper I will discuss Barada’s analysis of the charters of Trpimir and Muncimir
from the ninth century, for ...which Barada used tools of ancillary historical
disciplines. Croatian historiography dates and locates Trpimir’s charter to 4 March
852 in Bijaći. With this charter the Croatian dux Trpimir (c.845–864) donated
the church and monastery of St. George in Putalje, together with some other real
estate, to the Archbishopric of Solin. The purpose of the gift was to reciprocate
Archbishop’s Peter present of silver for church tableware. The date of the confirmation
of Trpimir’s charter, with which the Croatian dux Muncimir (892–910)
forty years later, on 28 September 892, and again in Bijaći confirmed the content
of Trpimir’s charter did not raise much controversy in Croatian historiography.
Historians have abundantly used the historical content of and data contained in
these two oldest Croatian medieval charters. They were considered archival sources
of first rank. Barada approached their analyses critically, and especially because
these charters did not survive in their original forms but as later transcripts.
For this reason it is not surprising that their contents (and especially the content
of Trpimir’s charter) are in some places contentious and incomprehensible, and
that the question of authenticity of both chapters may be raised again and again.
Barada thought that such quandaries may be resolved with the help of textual
criticism and diplomatics as ancillary historical disciplines. By looking at external
and internal characteristics of written documents, diplomatics decides if a
document (a charter, a written testimony of a legal act, etc.) is authentic or a forgery.
The fundamental external characteristics of a document include the material
upon which the document is written, stamp, signature and various other signs.
Internal characteristics refer to integral parts of the text or diplomatic formula,
language, dates, names and other features that may be studied in a transcript as
well as in the original. Barada was the first Croatian scholar to seriously engage with textual criticism of these two charters. Their diplomatic aspects have been
studied by other scholars before and after Barada, but mostly in order to glean
historical data. Their detailed diplomatic analysis was hindered from the start by
the false belief that the oldest transcript had been printed by Lucius and that the
transcripts kept in Split were all transcribed from Lucius. Barada corrected this
error when he found multiple transcripts of these charters older than the manuscript
used and printed by Lucius. Using these transcripts, Barada reconstructed
the original text and showed that both charters were indeed authentic. Today
we know of five transcripts of Trpimir’s charter from 852 and Mucimir’s charter
from 892. The oldest transcript dates from 1568
Los años 1609 y 1610 son los de las causas y el auto de fe de las conocidas como «brujas de Zugarramurdi». Se escribe sobre procesos y víctimas, pero todavía queda mucho por saber sobre el ...funcionamiento de los tribunales que decidían el destino de un buen número de personas. El auto de fe de Zugarramurdi es un paradigma histórico, pero el Tribunal que lo organizó no era perfecto. Era un nido de corrupción, dividido en bandos, destruido desde dentro. El presente artículo se centrará en los memoriales que, durante un decenio, se hicieron llegar a la Suprema y en los que se informaba de la decadente y penosa situación del Tribunal de Logroño.
İslam devletlerinde ilm-i inşâadıverilen ve kısaca “vesîka ilmi” şeklinde ifade edebileceğimiz bu ilim, “Diplomatika” İng. Diplomatics adıyla 17. Yüzyıdan itibaren batıda bağımsız bir bilim ...dalıhaline gelmiştir. Biz bu çalışmamızda öncelikle, diplomatika ilminin ortaçağbatıâleminde ve latin kültüründe ortaya çıkışı, gelişimi ve kullanılan resmî belgelerin rükün ve şartlarınıele aldık.İslam dünyasındaki diplomatika çalışmalarınıayrıayrıtesbit ettik. Yine bu bölümler içinde bir tür diplomatika eseri olan inşâ eserleri üzerinde durduk. Bu alanlarda ortaya konmuşönemli eserleri ve İslam ülkelerinde kullanılan vesîka türleri ve diplomatika unsurlarınıörnekleri ile belirttik. Osmanlıdiplomatikasıkonusunu, münşeat geleneği ve modern anlamda diplomatika çalışmaları şeklinde iki başlık altında ele aldık. Bu arada diplomatikanın kaynağıolan arşivler üzerinde durduk. Son bölümde ise; Berat formunu ele aldık. Padişah adına hazırlanan beratın, Osmanlıdiplomatikasındaki önemine işaret ettik.
U radu autori analiziraju navodnu ispravu koja donosi najstariji pisani spomen Kanfanara, datiranu u 1096. godinu,. Isprava je očuvana samo u formi regesta, koji je sastavio udinski humanist i javni ...bilježnik Antonio Belloni početkom XVI. stoljeća, prema kojoj akvilejski patrijarh daje svomu gastaldu u koncesiju područje navedeno kao Montesellum te luku u Limu zajedno s crkvom sv. Lovre. Po prvi se put predstavlja tekst prema najstarijem očuvanom rukopisu, uz primjeren kritički aparat i prijevod na hrvatski jezik. Filološki je dio analize pokazao brojne manjkavosti teksta te potvrdio da etimologija toponima Kanfanar tek treba pronaći svoje znanstveno i zadovoljavajuće rješenje. U diplomatičkom su dijelu analize u obzir uzeti svi dostupni relevantni izvori akvilejske i istarske provenijencije, koji su doveli do zaključka da regest pati od brojnih diplomatičkih i sadržajnih nedostataka te da je sama isprava sastavljena na temelju najmanju dvaju dokumenata, jednoga iz kancelarije porečkih biskupa i drugoga koji je izdao akvilejski patrijarh Ulrik I. Eppenstein. Rezultati su pokazali da je isprava u kojoj se prvi put spominje Kanfanar povijesni falsifikat nastao u kancelariji akvilejskoga patrijarha Rajmunda della Torrea u zadnjoj četvrtini XIII. stoljeća s ciljem da pobije jurisdikcijske pretenzije porečkih biskupa prema Dvigradu. Autori zaključuju da se u ispravi ocrtava jedna od epizoda stoljetnoga sukoba porečkoga biskupa i akvilejskoga patrijarha oko prava nad prostorom u trokutu koji čine Rovinj, Dvigrad i Bale.
Publishing medieval charters for Slovenian history is a long-term effort. The first four volumes were still published in the days of the pioneer of the project, Franc Kos (in the period 1902–1915), ...with the fifth book, published by his son Milko Kos, following somewhat later on. It was only in 2002 that France Baraga published, on the basis of the collected materials, the Central Catalogue of Medieval Charters of Dr. Božo Otorepec from the Milko Kos Historical Institute of ZRC SAZU, the sixth volume of medieval charters encompassing a relatively short period of ten years, 1246–1255. The volume appeared without an index of names, the publication of which has been postponed until today.This book therefore contains an accurate explanatory index of personal and place names, thus completing Baraga’s edition of 295 medieval charters.The book comes with a CD Gradivo za slovensko zgodovino v srednjem veku. 6/1 – Listine 1246–1255. 6/2 – Imensko kazalo Materials for Slovenian Medieval History. 6/1 – Charters 1246 – 1255. 6/2 – Index of names and both books in pdf-format.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain ...Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
PDF
