We describe enterococci in raw-frozen dog food commercialized in Europe as a source of genes encoding resistance to the antibiotic drug linezolid and of strains and plasmids enriched in ...antibiotic-resistance and virulence genes in hospitalized patients. Whole-genome sequencing was fundamental to linking isolates from dog food to human cases across Europe.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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•A rapid and simple NIR-HSI method was developed for prediction of pet food chemical composition.•Except for crude fibre, the performance of the cat food model was similar to the ...mixed model.•The prediction results of crude ash, calcium and total phosphorus did not meet the actual demand.•CARS reduce the number of variables, and enhanced the ability of organic component to predict outcomes.
Performing fast analyses to control the nutritional quality of pet food products is of great interest in the pet food industry. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in determining chemical composition content of cat and dog food, and evaluate the influence of mixed model and characteristic wavelength on the performance of the quantitative model. Seventy cat food and thirty-six dog food samples were characterised using reference methods for moisture, crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), crude fibre (CFe), crude ash (CA), calcium (Ca) and total phosphorus (TP) content. The Partial Least Squares regression (PLSR) was used to establish the quantitative models that involved the cat food model and mixed model. The characteristic wavelength was selected using a competitive adaptive reweighted-sampling (CARS) algorithm. Results showed that, except for CFe, the performance of the cat food model was similar to the mixed model. When using feature band, the prediction results of the mixed models for CP, CF, moisture, and CFe were optimized with R2p between 0.73 and 0.96 and RPD in the range 2.22–5.20, but the prediction results of TP, CA, and Ca did not meet the actual demand. Optimal quantitative models were used to visualise the sample chemical composition distributions. The results of this study provide theoretical and technical support for the rapid online quality control of pet food.
The aim of this study determined the concentrations of total aflatoxin, ochratoxin-A, fumonisin-B1 and zearalenone in 40 different extruded dry type from premium (or with high price) (P-food) (n = ...20) and economic (or with low price) (E-food) (n = 20) class foods with different nutritional content. According to ingredients, lamb meal (or by products) + cereal grain (LG-food), fish meal (or by products) + cereal grain (FG-food), chicken meal (or by products) + cereal grain (CG-food), and animal by-products + grain-free (GFree-food) (with potato or tapioca) were selected equal numbers for E-food and P-foods. Total aflatoxin was not detected in the Gfree-dog foods and the FG-dog foods. The total aflatoxin concentrations of P-food and E-food were 1.30 ppb and 1.98 ppb in DM, respectively (P = 0.154). The fumonisin-B1 was detected in 10% of P-foods and 70% of E-foods (P < 0.001). The fumonisin-B1 concentration in GFree-food of dog was lower than those of other dog foods (P < 0.05). The highest fumonisin-B1 concentration of dog foods was in E-food of CG-food (3107 ppb in DM). The zearalenone concentration of GFree-food was lower than those of LG-food, FG-food and CG-food (P < 0.05). As a result, the total mycotoxins concentration of GFree-food (106 ppb in DM) were lower than those of other dog foods. The total mycotoxin, total aflatoxin, ochratoxin-A and fumonisin-B1 concentration of E-food were higher than those of P-foods. The highest total mycotoxin concentration was in the E-food classes of CG-food. Therefore, zearalenone concentration of P-food was higher than that of E-food.
Highlights
The total mycotoxin, total aflatoxin, ochratoxin-A and fumonisin-B1 concentration of the economic class dog food were higher than those of the premium class dog food.
The highest total mycotoxin concentration was in the economic class dog food with chicken + grain.
Ochratoxin-A has not been detected in any of the premium class dog foods.
Economic class of grain-free dog foods contained very low concentrations of fumonisin-B1 and zearelenone mycotoxins, while premium class of they contained none.
Organohalogen compounds (OHCs) are persistent environmental contaminants that can pose health risks to both humans and animals. This study aimed to assess the contamination levels of OHCs in dry and ...wet pet foods sold in Japan and evaluate their potential health implications for companion animals.Results indicated that OHCs were widely present in all types of pet foods analyzed, with dry foods generally exhibiting higher contamination levels than wet foods. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), chlordanes (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were detected in varying concentrations across different pet food types. The contamination profiles differed based on the raw materials and country of origin. Estimations of OHC concentrations from raw materials highlighted potential contamination sources beyond ingredient-related contributions, including the manufacturing process.Moreover, risk assessments were conducted to evaluate the potential health risks posed by OHCs exposure through pet food consumption. While PBDEs, CHLs, and DDTs generally posed low risks, PCBs were found to be of concern, particularly in pet foods containing salmon as a primary ingredient. The results underscored the importance of considering the type of pet food and its raw materials when assessing exposure risks.
Detection of chicken DNA in commercial dog foods Biel, Wioletta; Natonek-Wiśniewska, Małgorzata; Kępińska-Pacelik, Jagoda ...
BMC veterinary research,
03/2022, Letnik:
18, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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These days the number of potential food allergens is very large, but chicken is one of the most common allergens in dogs. Elimination diet is one of the clinical tools for the diagnosis of allergies ...and allergy tests are not very reliable. The restriction diet is most commonly carried out by feeding pet foods, relying on the ingredients on the label to select an elimination diet not containing previously eaten foods. Unfortunately, mislabeling of pet food is quite common. The purpose of this study was to determine the absence or presence of chicken DNA using both qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis methods in dry and wet maintenance complete pet foods for adult dogs. Results were used to verify the declared composition on the labels.
Eleven out of fifteen (73%) dog foods were produced as declared by the manufacturer, two of which showed the presence of chicken protein as stated on the label. The remaining nine foods contained amounts of chicken DNA below 1%, consistent with declarations that no chicken was added in the composition. Four of tested dog foods (27%) were not produced consistently with the declaration on the packaging. Two dog foods (one dry and one wet) did not contain the claimed chicken protein. In two foods the addition of chicken DNA was detected at the level of over 2% and almost 6%, respectively.
In this study, we focused on one of the most commonly undeclared animal species on the label-chicken protein-and performed DNA analyzes to investigate possible contamination and mislabeling. The results showed some inaccuracies. However, most of them are trace amounts below 1%, which proves compliance with the label. Our results showed that undeclared animal species can be as common as missing an animal protein declared on the label. The conducted research indicates that both dry and wet analyzed foods should not be recommended as a diagnostic tool in elimination tests, because it may result in false negative results. Over-the-counter maintenance foods for dogs should not be recommended for the diagnosis and treatment of food hypersensitivity.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Th is study aimed to compare nutrient digestibility, preference rate, eff ects on stool and cost of grain-inclusive and grain-free dry dog foods. Two dry dog foods with and without grain formulated ...with poultry meal, barley, rice, corn, peas, carrot, potato fl our, whey, fat, vitamin and mineral sources were manufactured. Twelve adult Golden Retriever dogs (age 3-4 years, body weight = 22.5±1.7 kg) were divided into two groups for the digestibility trial. A total of 20 Golden Retriever and Kangal (age 4-5 years, body weight = 35.5±1.9 kg) breed dogs were used for a two-pan preference test. Crude fibre digestibility of grain-free food was significantly lower (P<0.05). Th ere was no diff erence in other nutrient digestibility in foods as determined by total faecal collection method. Presence of grains in food improved the consistency and dry matter of stool(P<0.05). Dogs preferred grain-free food (55.88%) to grain-inclusive food (44.12%) (P<0.05). Th e manufacturing cost of grain-free food was found to be about three times higher than grain food. Th e benefits of grain-free dog diets are debated. Th e eff ects of grain and grain-free foods on digestibility, stool parameters and canine health should be demonstrated by further studies. Cost must be calculated to produce reliable and suitable quality dog food with diff erent ingredients. Palatability and intake levels, which are among the most important criteria in dog nutrition, should be determined by preference tests.
Nowadays, plant-based human food products are considered to be more sustainable than animal-derived products. This could also be true for pet food, explaining a potential demand for plant-based pet ...food. Here, the concept of the degree of crop protein utilization was introduced for complete plant-based foods for dogs to understand the balance between nutrition and sustainability. The first step was to investigate which level of refinement, i.e. fractionation, of plant protein sources was necessary to fulfil the FEDIAF recommended nutrient levels for adult dogs. Moreover, the consequences of excluding certain ingredients were investigated. Thus, a database of plant-based ingredients, including the fractions of flours, protein concentrates and protein isolates, was created. Linear programming was used to formulate nutritionally complete recipes, minimizing either the number or the amount of nutrients that need to be added. Constraints of certain ingredients were translated to exclusion of soy, gluten, and/or tomato and potato. The recipe with the highest degree of crop protein utilization was the recipe in which isolates, concentrates, soy, gluten, tomato, and potato were excluded. The outcome of the optimization calculations showed that the level of refinement of ingredients, i.e. fractionation, has a direct influence on the sustainability of a recipe. Further, it was possible to obtain efficient recipes without the use of heavily processed ingredients and excluding certain undesired ingredients, while fulfilling the nutrient requirements of foods for adult dogs. Fortification to account for missing nutrients remained in line with the fortification used in conventional animal-based pet food. Thus, the design of plant-based dog food that is complete, in the most sustainable way, is achieved with recipes formulated with minimally refined ingredients. The results further show that the concept of calculating the degree of crop protein utilization when formulating recipes provides valuable information on which combination of raw materials to use.
•Use of less refined ingredients leads to higher crop protein utilization.•Complete plant based recipes for adult dogs are possible despite constraints.•Fortification of plant-based pet food is in line with animal-based despite constraints.•Crop protein utilization can be used to rank sustainability of plant-based dog food.
Treats are commonly fed by most dog caregivers and can constitute a significant proportion of a dog’s diet, potentially contributing to obesity. Feeding aspects related to treats specifically, remain ...underexplored. An e-survey was voluntarily completed by 716 dog caregivers predominantly from Canada and the USA to identify and describe caregivers’ perceptions, motivations, and behaviours surrounding treats, and factors that influence decisions about feeding treats. Survey responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze (1) measurement methods associated with monitoring treat intake, and (2) frequency of feeding different types of treats with perceiving dog as overweight/obese. Most caregivers considered the term ‘treat’ in a nutritional context, but respondents expressed mixed perceptions of how they consider treats in relation to their dog’s primary diet. Alongside training and sports activities, aspects relating to the human-animal bond were highly reported to influence decisions surrounding treats. Most respondents were motivated to provide treats because it makes their pet happy, and to strengthen the bond with their dog, and nearly 40% of caregivers frequently feed treats to show love to their dog. Human food and table scraps were frequently fed by 30–40% of caregivers and feeding human food weekly was predictive of caregivers perceiving their dog to be overweight/obese (OR=2.24, p = 0.007). Caregivers estimated treats to account for a median of 15% of their dog’s total diet, based on estimated quantity. Caregivers who reported using a measuring cup/scoop to measure their dog’s treats were more likely to monitor their dog’s treat intake (OR=3.38, p = 0.002). Most caregivers monitor their dog’s body condition (60%) or consider their dog’s recent activity level (43%) to decide on the amount of treats to feed; only 22% of caregivers reported veterinary advice to support their decisions on the amount of treats to feed. Findings from this research offer new insights to dog caregiver feeding habits and their perceptions of treats in relation to the canine diet. These results can be used to inform veterinary counselling strategies and caregiver education initiatives to promote animal health and well-being.
Feeding a Bones and Raw Food (BARF) diet has become an increasing trend in canine nutrition. Bones and Raw Food diets contain a high amount of animal components like meat, offal, and raw meaty bones, ...combined with comparatively small amounts of plant ingredients like vegetables and fruits as well as different sorts of oil and supplements. While many studies have focused on transmission of pathogens via contaminated meat and on nutritional imbalances, only few studies have evaluated the effect of BARF diets on the fecal microbiome and metabolome. The aim of the study was to investigate differences in the fecal microbiome and the metabolome between dogs on a BARF diet and dogs on a commercial diet (canned and dry dog food).
Naturally passed fecal samples were obtained from 27 BARF and 19 commercially fed dogs. Differences in crude protein, fat, fiber, and NFE (Nitrogen-Free Extract) between diets were calculated with a scientific nutrient database. The fecal microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR assays. The fecal metabolome was analyzed in 10 BARF and 9 commercially fed dogs via untargeted metabolomics approach.
Dogs in the BARF group were fed a significantly higher amount of protein and fat and significantly lower amount of NFE and fiber. There was no significant difference in alpha-diversity measures between diet groups. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) revealed a significant difference in beta-diversity (p < 0.01) between both groups. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LefSe) showed a higher abundance of Lactobacillales, Enterobacteriaceae, Fusobacterium and, Clostridium in the BARF group while conventionally fed dogs had a higher abundance of Clostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae. The qPCR assays revealed significantly higher abundance of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Clostridium (C.). perfringens and an increased Dysbiosis Index in the BARF group. Principal component analysis (PCA) plots of metabolomics data showed clustering between diet groups. Random forest analysis showed differences in the abundance of various components, including increased 4-hydroxybutryric acid (GBH) and 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the BARF group. Based on univariate statistics, several metabolites were significantly different between diet groups, but lost significance after adjusting for multiple comparison. No differences were found in fecal bile acid concentrations, but the BARF group had a higher fecal concentration of cholesterol in their feces compared to conventionally fed dogs.
Microbial communities and metabolome vary significantly between BARF and commercially fed dogs.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Commercial pet foods should be safe for long-term feeding. However, recent recalls and lawsuits have eroded public trust in pet food companies and products. Recent studies have identified high ...concentrations of mercury, a potent neurotoxin, in pet food products. Here we posit that pet food products require independent testing to verify safety and compliance with developed Food and Drug Administration and Association of American Feed Control Officials standards, and initiate a discussion as to why including quantification of mercury and methylmercury, as well as the identification of adulteration, are important to such testing protocols. The outcomes of these discussions will be multi-faceted: initiating the impetus to investigate the quality and label accuracy of pet foods; ensuring product safety; promoting transparency within the pet food industry; informing veterinary practices regarding pet food recommendations; providing data for evidence-based policy and regulatory enforcement; and working toward fulfilling the National Research Council's call for research that identifies levels of contaminants in animal feeds and residues in human foods.
•High concentrations of mercury exist in some pet food products.•Repeated independent testing of pet food products can help ensure product safety.•Quantification of methylmercury in fish-based foods is needed, especially for cat foods.•Adulteration can be identified using DNA-based techniques.•Results are relevant to consumers, veterinarians, researchers, policymakers, and industry.
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