Addressing building owners, developers, and managers, this text covers how building information management (BIM) complements facility management (FM) systems to achieve significant lifecycle ...advantages. It includes coverage of the guidelines for BIM in FM as developed by owners such as the General Services Administration, the COBie2 (BIM document standard) used to collect and communicate facility equipment information, and a list of software for BIM/FM integration. It also offers six real-life case studies including the Texas AM Health Science Center, the USC School of Cinematic Arts, and the State of WI Facilities.
This volume gives advice and methods for gaining confidence in both drawing skills and the use of colour across different media. It explores various methods of media through a series of chapters, ...beginning with materials and how to get used to them.
Architectural graphic standards Architects, American Institute of; Hedges, Keith E
2017/01/01, 2017, 2017-03-16, 2017-03-29
eBook
The gold-standard design and documentation reference for students Architectural Graphic Standards, Student Edition condenses key information from the definitive industry reference to provide students ...with a powerful learning resource. Covering design and documentation for a variety of projects, this book offers extensive visuals backed by expert discussion to prepare students for work in a modern professional practice. This new 12th edition has been significantly updated to provide the latest information on important architectural developments and movements, with detailed coverage of sustainability, economy, technology, and more alongside current building standards and best practices. The companion website features sample curricula, student exercises, and classroom projects to aid the understanding of developing designers, and links to additional resources include professional associations, manufacturers' websites, and architectural articles to help students stay up-to-date as the field continues to evolve. Architectural Graphic Standards is the gold-standard reference for practicing architects, engineers, and builders; this Student Edition introduces key elements in a way that's relevant to the budding designer, along with ancillary materials that facilitate internalization. Delve into the design and documentation process for building materials and elements, as used in today's real-world practice Discover the latest advances in sustainability, digital fabrication, building information modeling, and more Learn the building standards and best practices for a wide variety of architectural details Examine thousands of illustrations, richly detailed graphics, PowerPoint slides, and links to additional resources Simply "knowing" graphic and documentation standards is not enough; future architects and engineers must develop an instinctual understanding and reflexive use of much of this material. Architectural Graphic Standards, Student Edition provides the depth and breadth of coverage they need, and the expert guidance that will help them succeed.
•Assessed children's creative strategies using their drawings of the human head.•Sample included 1000 children aged 7–12 years in China.•The children tended to use abstract strategies to visualise ...the nose and mouth.•The children did not use creative strategies for the eyebrows, nose, and ears.
Creative strategies used in drawing practice determine the visual effects of drawing. Drawing strategies reflect children's understanding, association, and summarisation of the visual features of objects. In the case of the human head, visual features are composed of positional, contour, and structural features. This study assessed the creative strategies of children aged 7–12 years based on their drawings of the visual features of the eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth, ears, and neck in realistic figures. Children's strategies for creating visual features of the human head were classified into four types: hidden, abstract, summarised, and realistic. The results showed that most children used abstract creation strategies to represent the visual features of the nose and mouth in their drawings. Most children expressed the visual features of the eyes and neck using summarised creative strategies. A few children applied realistic creative strategies to draw the visual features of eyebrows, eyes, nose, mouth, and ears. Children used simplified structural features as a strategy to understand the visual features of the human head before creating their drawings. Most of the children tended to express the overall features of the human head with less curvature or number of contour lines in their drawings. Children regard the eyes and mouth as the major elements when drawing the visual features of the human head. Children regard eyebrows, noses, and ears as secondary elements expressing human heads. Accordingly, teachers need to educate children to understand and summarise the visual features of these secondary elements. Teachers also need to guide children in converting the visual elements from their understanding to the graphical elements in drawings.
The main cause of in-service failure of cold drawn wires in aggressive environments is hydrogen embrittlement (HE). The non-uniform plastic strains and residual stresses generated after cold drawing ...play a significant role in the matter of HE susceptibility of prestressing steels. In this paper, a new and innovative design of the drawing scheme is developed, geared towards the reduction in both manufacturing-induced residual stresses and plastic strains. To achieve this goal, three innovative cold drawing chains (consisting in diverse multi-step dies where multiple diameter reductions are progressively carried out in a single die) are numerically simulated by the finite element (FE) method. From the residual stress and plastic strain fields revealed from FE numerical simulations, hydrogen accumulation for diverse times of exposure is obtained by means of FE simulations of the hydrogen diffusion assisted by stress and strains. Thus, an estimation of the HE susceptibility of the cold drawn wires after each process was obtained. Results reveal that cold drawn wire using multi-step dies exhibits lower stress and strain states nearby the wire surface. This reduction causes a decrease in the hydrogen concentration at the prospective damage zones, thereby improving the performance of the prestressing steel wires in hydrogenating environments promoting HE. Thus, the optimal wire drawing process design is carried out using special dies with several reductions per die.
The architectural imagery that you create is most effective when it examines your project in an abstract manner. Most students and practitioners understand linear perspective and cinema to be ...examples of architectural presentation tools. This book asks you to consider drawings and movies to be analytical tools that give you the capacity to engage all phases of the design process, from parti to presentation.
The ways in which spaces relate to each other and how materials connect to each other in your projects are as important as your building's appearance. As digital tools increasingly allow you to simulate the experience of built and unbuilt environments, it is essential that you scrutinize the nature of architectural imagery and resist the lure of virtual reality. Though pure simulation may be appropriate for your clients, your design process requires abstraction and analysis.
Author Thomas Forget demonstrates how to construct analytical drawings and movies that challenge the alleged realism of linear perspective and cinema. These demonstrations expose you to underlying principles that will allow you to understand the broader implications of these methods. In addition, historical surveys of drawings and movies provide you with insight into how architects and architectural historians have understood the role of linear perspective and cinema in their fields. Finally, examples of drawing and moviemaking strategies illustrate how you can apply the lessons of the book to precedent analyses and design projects.
Children's drawings of common object categories become dramatically more recognizable across childhood. What are the major factors that drive developmental changes in children's drawings? To what ...degree are children's drawings a product of their changing internal category representations versus limited by their visuomotor abilities or their ability to recall the relevant visual information? To explore these questions, we examined the degree to which developmental changes in drawing recognizability vary across different drawing tasks that vary in memory demands (i.e., drawing from verbal vs. picture cues) and with children's shape-tracing abilities across two geographical locations (San Jose, United States, and Beijing, China). We collected digital shape tracings and drawings of common object categories (e.g., cat, airplane) from 4- to 9-year-olds (N = 253). The developmental trajectory of drawing recognizability was remarkably similar when children were asked to draw from pictures versus verbal cues and across these two geographical locations. In addition, our Beijing sample produced more recognizable drawings but showed similar tracing abilities to children from San Jose. Overall, this work suggests that the developmental trajectory of children's drawings is remarkably consistent and not easily explainable by changes in visuomotor control or working memory; instead, changes in children's drawings over development may at least partly reflect changes in the internal representations of object categories.
Public Significance StatementThe present study examined developmental changes in children's drawings of common object categories from 4 to 9 years of age. The findings suggest relative consistency in the developmental trajectory of drawing recognizability across two different sites (San Jose, United States, and Beijing, China) and two different drawing tasks (verbal vs. picture cues). The digital drawings and stroke-by-stroke records are made available as a resource for future work.
With The Art of 3D Drawing, transform your art with new perspective and amaze even yourself when you're able to draw incredible, photorealistic, 3D illustrations.
