When lightweighting studies are examined, thermoplastic matrix composites come to the fore as they have a high specific strength, are recyclable, and can be formed by thermoforming. Some obscurity ...needs to be overcome for the rapid forming of three-dimensional parts from laminated thermoplastic composites. In this study, deep drawing experiments were carried out to investigate the forming capabilities of continuous glass fiber reinforced polypropylene composite laminates. The parameters of drawing depth, laminate temperature, holding pressure, and punch speed were examined at each three different levels. The effects of these parameters were evaluated on the earing defect and the thickness distribution. It was concluded that the laminate temperature affected both deformations the most. It was determined that all parameters caused a change in flange diameter, but the amount of earing increased with the increase of drawing depth. It was established that inhomogeneous thickness distributions occurred in the part and the highest thickening took place in the curve region.
Hearing loss, one of the most prevalent chronic health conditions, affects around half a billion people worldwide, including 34 million children. The World Health Organization estimates that the ...prevalence of disabling hearing loss will increase to over 900 million people by 2050. Many cases of congenital hearing loss are triggered by viral infections during different stages of pregnancy. However, the molecular mechanisms by which viruses induce hearing loss are not sufficiently explored, especially cases that are of embryonic origins. The present review first describes the cellular and molecular characteristics of the auditory system development at early stages of embryogenesis. These developmental hallmarks, which initiate upon axial specification of the otic placode as the primary root of the inner ear morphogenesis, involve the stage-specific regulation of several molecules and pathways, such as retinoic acid signaling, Sonic hedgehog, and Wnt. Different RNA and DNA viruses contributing to congenital and acquired hearing loss are then discussed in terms of their potential effects on the expression of molecules that control the formation of the auditory and vestibular compartments following otic vesicle differentiation. Among these viruses, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus appear to have the most effect upon initial molecular determinants of inner ear development. Moreover, of the molecules governing the inner ear development at initial stages, SOX2, FGFR3, and CDKN1B are more affected by viruses causing either congenital or acquired hearing loss. Abnormalities in the function or expression of these molecules influence processes like cochlear development and production of inner ear hair and supporting cells. Nevertheless, because most of such virus-host interactions were studied in unrelated tissues, further validations are needed to confirm whether these viruses can mediate the same effects in physiologically relevant models simulating otic vesicle specification and growth.
A low temperature treatment in rice booting key period was executed on the north slope of Changbai Mountains to construct the impact model of low temperature on rice shell rate, and to reveal the ...effects of low temperature at different stages of rice young panicle on seed setting. The results showed that effects of low temperature in the young ear formation stage on rice shell rate generally followed the logarithmic function, the lower the temperature was, the greater the temperature influence coefficient was, and the longer the low temperature duration was, the higher rice shell rate was. The seed setting rate was most sensitive to low temperature in the middle time of booting stage (the period from formation to meiosis of the pollen mother cell), followed by the early and later stages. During the booting stage, with 1 ℃ decrease of daily temperature under 2-, 3- and 5-day low temperature treatments, the shell rate increased by 0.5, 1.7 and 4.3 percentage, respectively, and with 1 ℃ decrease of daily minimum
In the field of soil science and plant nutrition, soil preparation and fertilizer application improvement are the main measures against climate change. The effects of soil preparation on climate ...change are various, including improve of soil fertility, sustainable crop production, and soil carbon storage in the soil. In paddy fields in Shiga Prefecture, soil fertility is declining not only due to global warming but also due to cultivating in upland field converted from paddy field. This indicated that investigating soil fertility in detail and soil preparation by organic matter such as cattle manure. We suggested topdressing method at the ear stage for high quality paddy rice Koshihikari production as an example. This method clearly reduced the occurrence of white immature kernels under high temperature conditions.
Three varieties of spring wheat, tall Haruhikari, semi-dwarf Haruyutaka and tall late Selpek, were grown in a 5 cm equidistant square pattern (400 plants/m2) and the 100 ppm of ethephon was applied ...four and six times at four days interval during the period from double ridge stage to flag leaf emergence (DR treatment) and from flag leaf emergence to anthesis (CE treatment), respectively. The ethephone treatments did not influence the phenological events (Table 1), but inhibited culm elongation (Fig. 1), especially the lower internodes in DR treatment and the upper internodes in CE treatment (Table 2). The effect of shortening in culm length was more in CE treatment and in tall varieties than in DR treatment and in semi-dwarf variety. The water soluble sugar content in culm changed higher in CE treatment (Fig. 2), indicating a highly negative correlation with culm length at milk-ripe stage regardless of the treatments and varieties (Fig. 3). The grain yield in DR treatment was higher in all varieties than those in controls, though not significant, mainly due to the increase in number of ears and grain number per ear (Table 4).
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Schallleitungsschwerhörigkeiten sind die am häufigsten vorkommenden Hörstörungen im Kindesalter. Bei geringem Ausmaß werden sie oft übersehen, haben aber dennoch ...Auswirkungen auf die Sprach- und die allgemeine Entwicklung. Ihre Behandlung ist zur Vermeidung von Auswirkungen auf die sprachliche und kognitive Entwicklung sowie von lokal-entzündlichen Komplikationen erforderlich.
Material und Methoden
Anhand aktueller Literatur und der aktualisierten interdisziplinären Leitlinie „Periphere Hörstörungen im Kindesalter“ werden eine Systematik der Schallleitungsstörungen und aktuelle Behandlungsempfehlungen unter Berücksichtigung der Anforderungen der pädiatrischen Praxis beschrieben.
Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung
Für alle Formen der Schallleitungsschwerhörigkeit stehen effektive Behandlungsmöglichkeiten zur Verfügung. Passagere Paukenergüsse bedürfen nur bei besonderer Häufigkeit und längerer Dauer einer Behandlung. Diese besteht in der Regel in einer Paukendrainage. Angeborene Ohrfehlbildungen mit Schallleitungsstörung werden frühzeitig mit Hörgeräten versorgt. Im späteren Lebensalter des Patienten kommen evtl. operative Behandlungsmethoden in Betracht.
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