Increasing pesticide use pollutes Chinese surface waters. Pesticides often enter waters through surface runoff from agricultural fields. This occurs especially during heavy rainfall events. ...Socio-economic development and climate change may accelerate future loss of pesticides to surface waters due to increasing food production and rainfall events. The main objective of this study is to model past and future pesticide losses to Chinese waters under socio-economic development and climate change. To this end, we developed a pesticide model with local information to quantify the potential pesticide runoff from near-stream agriculture to surface waters after heavy rainfall. We project future trends in potential pesticide runoff. For this, we developed three scenarios: Sustainability, “Middle of the Road” and Economy-first. These scenarios are based on combined Shared Socio-economic Pathways and Representative Concentration Pathways. We identified hotspots with high potential pesticide runoff. The results show that the potential pesticide runoff increased by 45% from 2000 to 2010, nationally. Over 50% of the national pesticide runoff in 2000 was in five provinces. Over 60% of the Chinese population lived in pesticide polluted hotspots in 2000. For the future, trends differ among scenarios and years. The largest increase is projected for the Economy-first scenario, where the potential pesticide runoff is projected to increase by 85% between 2010 and 2099. Future pesticide pollution hotspots are projected to concentrate in the south and south-east of China. This is the net-effect of high pesticide application, intensive crop production and high precipitation due to climate change. In our scenarios, 58%–84% of the population is projected to live in pesticide polluted hotspots from 2050 onwards. These projections can support the development of regional management strategies to control pesticide pollution in waters in the future.
•We modeled future pesticide runoff from agriculture to surface waters in China.•Over 50% of national pesticide runoff in 2000 was in five provinces.•Pesticide runoff to surface water increased by 45% during 2000–2010, nationally.•In the future, 58%-84% of Chinese population is projected to live in hotspots of pesticide pollution.•In the Sustainability scenario, potential pesticide runoff will be at the level of 2010.
India's freshwater biological resources are threatened by multiple stressors and ongoing conservation efforts are insufficient to tackle these challenges. We therefore propose 14 recommendations to ...halt India's freshwater biodiversity loss. i) Set up a separate ministry on biodiversity to develop and monitor policies. ii) Collection of comprehensive ecological data and sharing with the global scientific community for better assessment. iii) Assessment of data reliability and relevance towards conservation and sustainable management. iv) Integrating terrestrial-freshwater ecosystem management to effectively conserve freshwater biota. v) Implementation of environmental flow regulations for maintaining hydrological connectivity. vi) Augmentation of Protected Areas to protect freshwater biota. vii) Implementation of regulatory frameworks for trade in exotic species to reduce invasiveness. viii) Avoiding fish seed ranching programs in rivers to evade contamination of natural stocks and disease outbreaks from aquaculture. ix) Increasing collaboration between neighboring states and countries on shared freshwater ecosystem for global and regional sustainability. x) Inclusion of compulsory curriculum on biodiversity at different educational stages for developing responsibility towards protecting biodiversity. xi) Building trust among all stakeholders for better management plans through their active participation. xii) Providing alternative livelihood options to improve the socio-economic status of local people to reduce their direct dependency on freshwater ecosystems. xiii) Promotion of citizen science approach on remuneration basis in conserving freshwater biodiversity. xiv) Enabling better use of digital technologies for freshwater biodiversity monitoring. Inclusion of these timely science-based and policy-backed aquatic ecosystems protection guidelines will therefore help to achieve freshwater biodiversity conservation goals successfully in India.
Chile's planning and governance framework has supported the roll-out of high quality and efficient infrastructure that has been a key enabler of the country's rapid development over the past two ...decades. However, changing circumstances such as climate change, decentralisation and a greater focus on social and territorial equity now require a change in how infrastructure needs are identified and addressed. This review examines Chile's infrastructure stock and governance standards in light of the country's 2030 growth agenda and OECD benchmarks, and sets out how such change can be achieved, with a special focus on transport and water infrastructure.
Recent Developments in Asian Economics is a crucial resource of current, cutting-edge research for any scholar of international finance and economics. Chapters cover a wide range of topics, such as ...social welfare systems, organizational culture, sustainability, the impact of economic policy uncertainty, and more.
Throughout various phases and epochs of Islamic history, the mosque’s functions have fluctuated and adapted to the political, economic and social realities of the time. To understand the diverse ...roles of the mosque today in traditionally Islamic and non-Islamic societies, it is necessary to understand how mosque functions evolved, changed and were sometimes reincorporated after long periods of dormancy. This study examines the increasingly significant role of the mosque, especially through their influential Friday prayer sermons (khutba), for empowering socio-economic dimensions in the moderate Indonesian Muslim society. Friday sermons which had been commonly dominated by religious themes have been progressively reformed by inserting more relevant and essential messages for socio-economic empowerment. A very historic Kauman mosque in Semarang, Central Java, has been demonstrating as a dynamic institution capable of responding to contemporary social needs. Islamic scholars and practitioners from different fields have been encouraged to deliver Friday sermons to enlighten the Friday congregation on how to deal with contemporary circumstances. Apparently, the Kauman mosque’s strategy is to try to bridge the gap between religiously oriented and contextualized approaches in propagating Islam. However, the dynamic social environment surrounding the mosque will determine if mosques will be properly operated for religious, political, or socio-economic functions. This study suggests to maintain both social and cultural bases surrounding the mosque for a sustainable reform effort.
Objective: return migration is a desirable phenomenon that has been of great importance to planners in recent decades, due to its favorable socio-economic and spatial-spatial consequences. The ...purpose of this study is evaluate the status of return migration in rural areas around Zahedan. Methods: The present paper is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. For data gathering, field method was used by expert’s questionnaire. The sample community includes trustees, and village councilors. Return migration status evaluate by MOORA, regression and correlation model. Results: The results of the relative comparison of the villages around Zahedan in terms of return migration show that the village of Manzalab, Chanali, Khirabad low respectively. They had the best reverse immigration situation. The result of regression model showed that 6 components predict 62% of reverse migration changes. According to the results of the regression, the institutional and then economic and human factors are the main drivers of migration. indicators such as preparation, implementation, deprivation and employment plans by rural authorities, relative value of rural consumer inputs, quality of virtual communications. And ease of access to information, efficiency of local authorities in attracting public funding and development of rural infrastructure, and cost-benefit had the highest Beta coefficient. Conclusion: Reverse migration to villages around Zahedan is happening at a different rate and the continuation and reinforcement of this process requires good planning to improve the institutional quality, efficiency of the authorities and to provide the basic infrastructure of the villages.
Modernization and renovation process has had different effects on human life and These effects are more tangible in rural communities than the cities. The purpose of this study is to investigate ...the effects of renovation and modernization on the life style changes of rural households in the central part of Poldokhtar city. The research method is descriptive-analytical type and the date gathering method in theoretical studies is library and filed studies and also through questionnaire. The statistical population of the research includes the heads of households at the central part of Poldokhtar (N= 6874). 360 heads of households were selected through Cochran formula and simple random sampling method as the community. For the analysis of the data, chi-square tests, regression and linear regression were used. The results of the research findings about attitudes towards the modernization of rural households through chi-square test shows that Modernization and renovation effects of all the studied items is approvable from the view point of respondents. Also the study of renovation effects on the life style of rural people by regression shows that renovation has had great changes on the social, cultural and economical life style of rural households and their tendency toward the style of urban life. Among the components of lifestyle, modernization had had the greatest impact on the change of cultural life style; So that has changed the cultural and linguistic patterns, ,behavior patterns, type of clothing and national costumes, especially between young people. It can be said that the best way to achieve rural development is paying enough attention to local culture that has the most appropriate compatibility with situation of each region and Due to its compatibility with local communities to achieve the sustainable development is much easier than the use of modern and advanced technology.
This paper presents an overview of current solid waste management
practices in Kohima, Nagaland, India and suggests solutions to some of
the major problems. The levels of socio-economic development ...determine
the quantity and composition of solid waste. Higher the level of
economic development, greater the proportion of waste composition. The
total population of the city is 1,32,836, among those, 90% population
is predominantly tribal. Hence, solid waste is not that much problem in
rural economy compared to urban areas. As a result of that, the problem
of municipal solid waste management is not yet felt in the rural areas
of Nagaland. Compared to that, the concentration of population with
higher densities in Kohima towns as well as unmanaged growth of
settlements are among major causes leading to the problem of municipal
solid waste affecting public health and natural environmental systems.
So the total elimination of the waste is an impractical suggestion,
rather than it should be managed in an effective manner. The surveys
have shown that the collection process is deficient in terms of
manpower and vehicle availability. Bin capacity provided is adequate
but locations were found to be inappropriate, thus contributing to the
inefficiency of the system. At this time, no treatment is provided to
the waste and waste is dumped on open land at Dhapa after collection.
Lack of suitable facilities (equipment and infrastructure) and
underestimates of waste generation rates, inadequate management and
technical skills, improper bin collection, and route planning are
responsible for poor collection and transportation of municipal solid
wastes. This study was on field visit, secondary data collection,
interviews with different individuals who were directly or indirectly
involved with the project and also through the discussions with the
relevant Kohima Town Committee officials to get a clear idea about the
present situation of the town. The effective management of municipal
solid waste has become a monumental challenge in the town with high
population density and experiencing the problem of rapid urbanization.
This study mainly focuses on the issue of management of municipal solid
waste in Kohima town and also describes its existing systems, the way
of dealing with the present upcoming problems and also suggests new
innovative approach for effective management of municipal solid waste
in Kohima town. The overall objective was to cleaner environment and
improve the quality of life.
This handbook explores the political economy and governance of the Americas, placing particular emphasis on collective and intertwined experiences. Forty-six chapters cover a range of Inter-American ...key concepts and dynamics.
The flow of peoples, goods, resources, knowledge and finances have on the one hand promoted interdependence and integration that cut across borders and link the countries of North and South America (including the Caribbean) together. On the other hand, they have contributed to profound asymmetries between different places. The nature of this transversally related and multiply interconnected hemispheric region can only be captured through a transnational, multidisciplinary and comprehensive approach. This handbook examines the direct and indirect political interventions, geopolitical imaginaries, inequalities, interlinked economic developments and the forms of appropriation of the vast natural resources in the Americas. Expert contributors give a comprehensive overview of the theories, practices and geographies that have shaped the economic dynamics of the region and their impact on both the political and natural landscape.
This multidisciplinary approach will be of interest to a broad array of academic scholars and students in history, sociology, geography, economics and political science, as well as cultural, postcolonial, environmental and globalization studies.
This article examines the regulatory history of asset valuation in Germany from the fifteenth century to the implementation of the European Economic Community’s Fourth Directive in 1986. Aiming to ...explain regulatory changes by reference to preceding socio-economic and political developments, we find that accounting requirements often became more restrictive following economic crises, after which regulation was perceived to be inadequate. In the nineteenth century, fair valuation replaced the early practice of historical cost accounting. Following a severe economic crisis in the 1870s, historical costs were reintroduced as an upper valuation boundary for Aktiengesellschaften (stock companies). However, the requirements were unspecific and discretionary and provoked a lively debate on principles-based accounting after 1900. The interwar years and the Great Depression encouraged the Government also to implement historical cost as a lower boundary to asset valuation. Following the Second World War, the valuation principle was extended to all company forms.
