I. II. III. IV. V. References SUMMARY: Although hypothesized for many years, the involvement of ectomycorrhizal fungi in decomposition of soil organic matter remains controversial and has not yet ...been fully acknowledged as an important factor in the regulation of soil carbon (C) storage. Here, we review recent findings, which support the view that some ectomycorrhizal fungi have the capacity to oxidize organic matter, either by ‘brown‐rot’ Fenton chemistry or using ‘white‐rot’ peroxidases. We propose that ectomycorrhizal fungi benefit from organic matter decomposition primarily through increased nitrogen mobilization rather than through release of metabolic C and question the view that ectomycorrhizal fungi may act as facultative saprotrophs. Finally, we discuss how mycorrhizal decomposition may influence organic matter storage in soils and mediate responses of ecosystem C sequestration to environmental changes.
Dual-mycorrhizal plants Teste, François P.; Jones, Melanie D.; Dickie, Ian A.
The New phytologist,
03/2020, Letnik:
225, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Dual-mycorrhizal plants are capable of associating with fungi that form characteristic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) structures. Here, we address the following questions: (1) ...Howmany dual-mycorrhizal plant species are there? (2) What are the advantages for a plant to host two, rather than one, mycorrhizal types? (3) Which factors can provoke shifts in mycorrhizal dominance (i.e. mycorrhizal switching)? We identify a large number (89 genera within 32 families) of confirmed dual-mycorrhizal plants based on observing arbuscules or coils for AM status and Hartig net or similar structures for EM status within the same plant species. We then review the possible nutritional benefits and discuss the possible mechanisms leading to net costs and benefits. Cost and benefits of dual-mycorrhizal status appear to be context dependent, particularly with respect to the life stage of the host plant. Mycorrhizal switching occurs under a wide range of abiotic and biotic factors, including soil moisture and nutrient status. The relevance of dual-mycorrhizal plants in the ecological restoration of adverse sites where plants are not carbon limited is discussed. We conclude that dual-mycorrhizal plants are underutilized in ecophysiological-based experiments, yet are powerful model plant–fungal systems to better understand mycorrhizal symbioses without confounding host effects.
Plant–soil interactions link ecosystem fertility and organic matter accumulation below ground. Soil microorganisms play a central role as mediators of these interactions, but mechanistic ...understanding is still largely lacking. Correlative data from a coniferous forest ecosystem support the hypothesis that interactions between fungal guilds play a central role in regulating organic matter accumulation in relation to fertility. With increasing ecosystem fertility, the proportion of saprotrophic basidiomycetes increased in deeper organic layers, at the expense of ectomycorrhizal fungal species. Saprotrophs correlated positively with the activity of oxidative enzymes, which in turn favoured organic matter turnover and nitrogen recycling to plants. Combined, our findings are consistent with a fungus‐mediated feedback loop, which results in a negative correlation between ecosystem fertility and below‐ground carbon storage. These findings call for a shift in focus from plant litter traits to fungal traits in explaining organic matter dynamics and ecosystem fertility in boreal forests.
The view that ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi commonly participate in the enzymatic liberation of nitrogen (N) from soil organic matter (SOM) has recently been invoked as a key mechanism governing the ...biogeochemical cycles of forest ecosystems. Here, we provide evidence that not all evolutionary lineages of ECM have retained the genetic potential to produce extracellular enzymes that degrade SOM, calling into question the ubiquity of the proposed mechanism. Further, we discuss several untested conditions that must be empirically validated before it is certain that any lineage of ECM fungi actively expresses extracellular enzymes in order to degrade SOM and transfer N contained therein to its host plant.
Ectomoycorhizal symbiosis between mushrooms and perennial plants is naturally present in almost all land ecosystems. Ectomycorhizal community perennial plants provide organic nutrients for fungus ...nutrition, and in return acquires an increased absorption surface of the root system and numerous other benefits such as improved herbal nutrition, increased pest tolerance, heavy metal toxicity, drought and salinity, increased growth and yields. In case of truffles in Croatia the mushroom habitats are increasingly depleted, and an alternative is offered to planting truffles. The paper presents the possibilities of producing seedlings for truffle cultivation. This paper will contribute to the knowledge about the possibilities of producing quality planting material for the successful production of truffles.
• Endogonales (Mucoromycotina), composed of Endogonaceae and Densosporaceae, is the only known non-Dikarya order with ectomycorrhizal members. They also form mycorrhizallike association with some ...nonspermatophyte plants. It has been recently proposed that Endogonales were among the earliest mycorrhizal partners with land plants. It remains unknown whether Endogonales possess genomes with mycorrhizal-lifestyle signatures and whether Endogonales originated around the same time as land plants did.
• We sampled sporocarp tissue from four Endogonaceae collections and performed shotgun genome sequencing. After binning the metagenome data, we assembled and annotated the Endogonaceae genomes. We performed comparative analysis on plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs) and small secreted proteins (SSPs). We inferred phylogenetic placement of Endogonaceae and estimated the ages of Endogonaceae and Endogonales with expanded taxon sampling.
• Endogonaceae have large genomes with high repeat content, low diversity of PCWDEs, but without elevated SSP/secretome ratios. Dating analysis estimated that Endogonaceae originated in the Permian–Triassic boundary and Endogonales originated in the mid–late Silurian. Mycoplasma-related endobacterium sequences were identified in three Endogonaceae genomes.
• Endogonaceae genomes possess typical signatures of mycorrhizal lifestyle. The early origin of Endogonales suggests that the mycorrhizal association between Endogonales and plants might have played an important role during the colonization of land by plants.
Sufaati S, Suharno, Agustini V, Suwannasai N. 2023. New records of the diversity of Scleroderma spp. from Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4269-4276. Papuan forest is one of the highest diversity ...tropical rainforests in the world. However, in some areas it is undergoing in process of land degradation. Reforestation using local plant inoculated with native mycorrhiza may have better results since they will be more adaptable. Mycorrhiza helps in plant nutrient uptake and ameliorates heavy metals in mining areas. Genus Scleroderma is a group of ectomycorrhiza that can be found at early stage of succession. However, to date there has been little study on its taxonomy. This study was conducted to construct the database on the diversity of Scleroderma spp. in Papua, Indonesia. Samples were collected from several areas in the provinces of Papua and West Papua from 2003 to 2022. Morphological characters and its habitat were observed. The results show, that 23 isolates had been documented. Molecular identification using ITS sequences was used to confirm the Scleroderma to the species level. The results found at least 3 species of Scleroderma, namely: Scleroderma suthepense, S. xanthochroum, and S. sinnamariense were identified based on morphological and molecular analysis, while S. citrinum was identified morphologically. This finding provides new data on the distribution of Sclerodermataceae in Papua. The results of this preliminary study are important for selecting native Scleroderma spp. for inoculation programs in degraded land.
Aim: Identifying the factors that drive large-scale patterns of biotic interaction is fundamental for understanding how communities respond to changing environmental conditions. Mycorrhizal symbiosis ...is a key interaction between fungi and most vascular plants. Whether plants are obligately (OM) or facultatively (FM) mycorrhizal, and which mycorrhizal type they form - arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), ectomycorrhizal (ECM), ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) or non-mycorrhizal (NM) - can have strong implications for plant species distribution at the continental scale and on the responses of plants to environmental gradients. Location: Europe, north of 43° latitude and excluding Russia, Belarus and Moldova. Time period: Undefined. Major taxa studied: Vascular plants. Methods: Using published sources, we compiled the most complete dataset yet of plant mycorrhizal and geographical information for Europe, comprising 1442 plant species. We mapped the European distributions of plant mycorrhizal status (OM and FM) and type (AM, ECM, ERM and NM) and analysed their relationships with climatic, edaphic and plant productivity drivers on a 50 km × 50 km equal-area grid. Results: The distribution of mycorrhizal types in Europe was driven by mean temperature, soil pH and productivity. AM plant species predominated throughout the region, but at higher latitudes the share of NM and, to a lesser extent, ECM and ERM species increased. FM species predominated over OM species, and this increased with latitude and was dependent on temperature drivers. The high share of OM species in the central European mountains indicates a possible influence of historical glacial refugia. Main conclusions: Our results challenge the prevailing view of parallel trends in the latitudinal and elevational distribution of mycorrhizal types and demonstrate distinctive responses of plants with different mycorrhizal status to climatic, edaphic and biogeographical drivers at the European scale.
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