The role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of many diseases has interested researchers in recent years. Erythrocytes are in contact with all organs and tissues and are one of the most vulnerable ...cell types against oxidative stress. Therefore, erythrocyte cells are commonly used in studies performed to reveal negative effects of oxidative stress. On the other hand, the number of studies carried out with the aim of finding natural antioxidants to reduce or neutralize negative effects of oxidative stress is increasing day by day. Plant extracts are mostly used in these studies and antioxidant effects of these extracts are investigated. In the present study, current data on the means of producing oxidative stress in erythrocytes and the plant extracts used against oxidative stress were reviewed.
This study aims to determine the effects of extract obtained from giant red shrimp Aristaeomorpha foliacea shells on the changes in chemical parameters of anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus during 18 ...days of refrigerated storage. Butylated hydroxytoluene BHT was used for the comparison of antioxidant effects. The investigation of changes in fish during refrigerated storage indicated that lipid oxidation significantly increased P
Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of grape seed extract (GSE) against benzene-induced toxicity in Swiss albino mice.
Methods: The animals were ...randomly divided into six groups each containing six mice. Group I, treated with distilled water; Group II and III orally treated with 50 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg body weight GSE, respectively. Group IV, orally treated with 250 mg/kg body weight benzene by using feeding cannula; Group V, orally treated with 50 mg/kg body weight GSE + 250 mg/kg body weight benzene; Group VI, orally treated with 150 mg/kg body weight GSE + 250 mg/kg of body weight benzene for 50 consecutive days. At the end of experimental period all mice were sacrificed; blood, liver and kidney tissues were removed after post-mortem examination. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine levels were analyzed from serum. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were analyzed from isolated tissues. And also histopathological examinations of liver and kidney tissues were investigated.
Results: Serum AST, ALT, ALP, BUN and creatinine levels were slightly increased in Group IV compared with the other tested groups (p<.05). Benzene-induced toxicity caused a significant decrease in GSH levels and a significant rise in MDA levels of liver and kidney tissues. Oral treatment with GSE significantly ameliorated the indices of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and lipid peroxidation induced by benzene. Both doses of GSE provided significant protection and the strongest effects were observed at the dose level of 150 mg/kg.
Conclusion: Consequently, it was found that GSE has a significant positive effect in benzeneinduced toxicity, and its GSE effect is dose dependent.
Bu çalışmada 7 farklı bitkiden (Achillea biserrata, Heracleum platytaenium, Humulus lupulus, Hyoscyamus niger, Phlomis pungens, Rhododendron ponticum, Salvia tomentosa) elde edilen bitki ...ekstraktlarının sera beyazsineği (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) üzerine olan kontak toksisiteleri, uzaklaştırıcı ve yumurta bırakmayı engelleyici etkileri araştırılmıştır. En yüksek kontakt toksisite % 79 ölüm oranı ile H. niger ekstraktında saptanmış bunu %74 ölüm oranı ile H. lupulus’un aktivitesi takip etmiştir. Kontak toksisite çalışmasının ikinci kısmında, H. niger ve H. lupulus ile 3. dönem nimf ve erginlere karşı doz-etki çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Doz-ölüm çalışmaları sonucunda H.niger bitki ekstraktının 3. dönem nimf için LC50 değeri % 6,65 bitki ekstrakt/aseton ve H. lupulus için LC50 değeri %8,09 bitki ekstrakt/aseton (w/v) olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ergin dönemlerde LC50 değerleri H.niger için %6,64 bitki ekstrakt/aseton ve H. lupulus için %9,49 bitki ekstrakt/aseton olarak hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca bitki ekstraktlarının (H. niger, H. lupulus) sera beyazsineği üzerindeki uzaklaştırıcı ve yumurta bırakmayı engelleyici etkileri de araştırılmıştır. Bitki ekstraktlarının uzaklaştırıcı etki denemelerinde test edilen ekstraktlar içerisinde en yüksek etki H. lupulus ekstraktında saptanmıştır. H. lupulus ekstraktının sera beyazsineğinin ovipozisyonunu önemli ölçüde engellediği saptanmıştır
The contact toxicity, repellent and anti-ovipositional effects of 7 plant extracts (Achillea biserrata, Heracleum platytaenium, Humulus lupulus, Hyoscyamus niger, Phlomis pungens, Rhododendron ponticum, Salvia tomentosa ) were tested on the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) under laboratory conditions. Hyoscyamus niger extract produced the greatest contact toxicity among the tested plant extracts with 79% mortality and it was followed by H. lupulus extract with 74% mortality. In the second part of the study, the dose response bioassays with H. niger and H. lupulus were carried out. The calculated LC50 values for 3. stage nymph were 6.65% plant extract /acetone (w/v) and 8.09% plant extract /acetone for respectively. LC50 values of H. niger and H. lupulus for adult stage were 6.64% and 9.49% respectively. Repellent and antiovipoisition effects of 2 plant extracts (H. niger , H. lupulus ) were also tested against the grennhouse whitefly. In the behavioral studies, H. lupulus extract was the most active among the tested plant extracts and it totally inhibited T. vaporariorum female egg laying in anti-oviposition study
Vegetables; in terms of vitamins, nutritional fiber, phenolic component and mineral matter has an important role in human nutrition. There are many species of purple-red vegetables, some of which are ...well-known, such as red beet (Beta vulgaris), black carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef), black radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. niger), purple cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra). Purple or red vegetables have higher antioxidant potential compared to other vegetables, which have many beneficial properties such as antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and liver protection. Each of vegetables which is black carrot, beetroot, black radish and purple cabbage contains p-coumaric acid, betaxanthin, ellagic acid and indole-3-carbinol respectively. In this study, Antifungal effect of ethanol extracts obtained from red beet, black carrot, black radish which are inner and peel part, purple cabbage against 7 different subspecies of Penicillium, 6 different subspecies of Aspergillus and Mucor racemosus, Botrytis cinerea, Geotrichum candidum, Cladosporium claudosporioides, Rhizopus nigricans species were determined by using disk diffusion method. As a consequence; it was determined that 7 different samples had antifungal effect on 18 different mold species at various rate. The highest antifungal effect was observed with 23.05±0.05 mm zone diameter against A. fumigatus in black radish inner part ethanol extract. This value was pursued by red beet inner part ethanol extract against M. racemosus with 21.44±0.12 mm zone diameter. It was concluded that the lowest antifungal effect on mold species except for P. citrinum, P. solitum and B. cinerea in purple cabbage extract.
There are many natural growth area in Turkey and utilizability is increasingly in different areas. Berry fruits involve several species such as grape (Vitis spp.), currant (Ribes spp.), rosehip (Rosa ...spp.), strawberry (Fragaria spp.), raspberry (Rubus spp.), pomegranate (Punica spp.), blackberry (Rubus spp.), bilberry (Vaccinium spp.), mulberry (Morus spp.) and cornelian cherry (Cornus spp.). Berries are soft fruits that turn from red to blue or black. They contain a good source of vitamins and minerals, and they have various phytochemical compositions that relevant to consumer health. Different varieties of berries contain quite variable concentrations of ascorbic acid, folic acid, anthocyanin, flavonol, ellagitannins and many diversity of hydroxybenzoic acid. Berries have antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal and anticarcinogenic properties due to rich content of phytochemical. In this study, Antifungal effect of ethanol extracts obtained from strawberry, raspberry, pomegranate, blackberry, bilberry, mulberry and cornelian cherry against 7 different subspecies of Penicillium, 6 different subspecies of Aspergillus and Mucor racemosus, Botrytis cinerea, Geotrichum candidum, Cladosporium claudosporioides, Rhizopus nigricans species were determined by using disk diffusion method. As a result of the research; It was determined that 9 different samples had antifungal effect on 18 different mold species at various rate. The highest antifungal effect was observed with 24.65 milimeter zone diameter against Mucor racemosus in pomegranate peel extract. This value was followed by blackberry extract against Penicillium glaucum and Penicillium chrysogenum with 20.54 and 20.03 milimeter zone diameter, respectively. It was concluded that the lowest antifungal effect on mold species apart from Aspergillus flavus in blue bilberry extract.
Two different thyme species (Thymus vulgaris L. and Origanum majorana L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.) extracts were tested against pre-adult stage of Potato ...tuber moth-PTM (Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), which is an important quarantine pest. Each plant extracts prepared with ethanol were applied to larvae and eggs in three different concentrations 3%, 5 and 10 ml/L. In the egg treatments at the highest concentration (10% ml/L), inhibition rate was observed in Lavander and T. vulgaris 73.7%, in O. majorana 67.5% and in sage 66.2%, respectively. Results indicated that the mean number of hatching eggs were highly decreased as concentration increased, the highest decreased was observed with treated 10% concentration. of lavender and T. vulgaris. Observation were for 7 days. In the insecticidal toxicity study of against the larval stage, mortality were determined at the highest concentration (10% ml/L) in O. majorana 91.2%, Lavander 90%, T. vulgaris 87%, and Sage 83.7% at the end of 7th day. It was also determined that the larval mortality rate was higher with the increasing of extracts of 4 different plant depending on time. As a result, in this study, ovicidal toxicity of plant extracts was recorded against to on egg stage and it was that impact of insecticidal against to on larval stage also.
Bu çalışmada, Reseda lutea L. (Resedaceae), Salvia absconditiflora Greuter & Burdet. (Lamiaceae), Thymus leucostomus Hausskn. & Velen. (Lamiaceae), Chorispora purpurascens (Banks & Sol.) Eig ...(Brassicaceae), Isatis floribunda Boiss. ex Bornm. (Brassicaceae), Linum tenuifolium L. (Linaceae) bitkilerinden elde edilen methanol ekstraktlarının Tribolium confusum Duv. (Col.: Tenebrionidae) ve Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Col.: Bostrichidae) üzerindeki toksik etkileri laboratuvar koşullarında test edilmiştir. Bitkilerden elde edilen methanol ekstraktları zararlıların erginlerine micro-aplicator yardımıyla uygulanmıştır. Yapılan tek doz (%10 (w/v)) etki çalışması sonucunda T. confusum (%23,17) ve R. dominica (%18,35)‘ya karşı en yüksek kontakt toksisiteyi C. purpurascens bitkisinden elde edilen ekstrakt göstermiştir.
Bu çalışmada, Kars ve çevresinde yetiştirilen Tuj koyun ve kuzuların merada otlatma döneminde (22 Mayıs-09 Ekim) meranın besin madde içeriğindeki değişim kalitesi ile merada otlayan koyun ve ...kuzuların besi performansı üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Çalışma süresince iki haftada bir hayvanlar tartılmış ve meradan ot örnekleri alınarak kuru madde (KM), organik madde (OM), hamprotein (HP), ham selüloz (HS), ve ham yağ (HY) analizleri yapılmıştır. Mera örneklerinin besin madde içerikleri KM, OM, HP, HS ve HY için sırasıyla deneme başında %28.31, 91.14, 19.35, 28.92 ve %3.20 ve deneme sonunda %74.96, 92.08, 3.86, 43.91 ve %1.83 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan tartımlarda otlatma sezonu boyunca erkek ve dişi kuzular ortalama 181.6 g/gün ve 164.9 g/güngünlük canlı ağırlık artışı sağlayarak sırasıyla 25.47 ve 23.10 kg'a ulaşmıştır (P>0.05). Anaç koyunlar ise ortalama 35 g/gün günlükcanlı ağırlık artışı sağlayarak 4.9 kg canlı ağırlık kazanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, meraların yeşil olduğu dönemde (22 Mayıs-31 Temmuz)koyun ve kuzuların besin madde ihtiyaçlarını önemli ölçüde karşılayabileceği, merada beslemenin koyun ve kuzularda yeterli canlı ağırlık artışı sağladığı ve vejetasyon ilerledikçe meraların HP içeriğinde azalma, KM, HS değerlerinde ise artış belirlenmiştir.
This study was carried out in order to examine the effect of vegetation period on the qualilty of pasture and fattening performance of grazing (May 22 to October 9) Tujhin sheep and lambs reared in Kars region. Animals were weighed and forage samples were taken from pasture fortnightly and analysed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF) and ether extract (EE). Chemical composition of pasture samples for DM, OM, CP, CF and EE were determined as 28.31%, 91.14%, 19.35%, 28.92% and 3.20% at the beginning of the study and 74.96%, 92.08%, 3.86%, 43.91% and 1.83% of the end of study, respectively. Daily and total live weight gains through the pasture season were determined for male and female lambs as 181.6 g/day, 164.9 g/day and 25.47, 23.10 kg respectively (P>0.05). Ewes gained 35 g/day daily live weight on average and 4.9 kg total live weight. In conclusion, it was determined that the pasture may meet greatly the nutritional requirements of the sheep and lambs when its green seasons (May 22 to July 31) and the CP content decreased and the DM and CF contents of forage by increasing maturity.
Bu araştırma, yonca (Medicago sativa L.) silajında karbonhidrat kaynağı olarak kullanılan üzüm posası (ÜP)'nın laboratuvar koşullarında yapılan silajların fermantasyon, aerobik stabilite, in vitro ...gaz üretimi, in situ rumen parçalanabilirlik özellikleri ile nispi yem değerleri (NYD) üzerindeki etkilerinin saptanması amacı ile düzenlenmiştir. Araştırmada kullanılan yonca çiçeklenme döneminde hasat edilmiş ve yaklaşık 1.5-2.0 cm boyutunda parçalanan taze materyale 0 (kontrol), 40, 80, 120, 160 ve 200 g/kg KM düzeyinde ÜP katılmıştır. Yoncaya ÜP ilavesi, elde edilen silajların ham besin maddeleri bileşimini etkilemiştir (P<0.05). Yoncaya katılan ÜP düzeyinin artışına (kontrol, 40, 80, 120, 160 ve 200 g/kg KM) bağlı olarak silajların ham protein (HP), ham kül (HK), nötr deterjan lif (NDF) ve asit deterjan lif (ADF) içeriği azalmış, ham yağ (HY), suda çözünebilir karbonhidrat (SÇK) ve toplam tanen (TT) içeriği artmıştır (P<0.05). Üzüm posası ilavesi silajların pH, asetik asit, butirik asit ve amonyak azotu (NH3-N) konsantrasyonlarını düşürürken, laktik asit ve propiyonik asit düzeylerini artırmıştır (P<0.05). Aynı şekilde ÜP ilavesi silajların in vitro gaz üretimi, sindirilebilir organik madde (SOM), metabolik enerji (ME) ile in situ rumen kuru madde parçalanabilirliği (KMP) ve organik madde parçalanabilirliği (OMP)'ni artırmış, ham protein parçalanabilirliğini (HPP) ise düşürmüştür (P<0.05). Diğer yandan ÜP silajlardaki CO2 üretimini düşürerek silajların aerobik stabilitelerini geliştirmiştir. Üzüm posası silajların nispi yem değeri (NYD) ve kuru madde tüketimi (KMT)'ni de olumlu yönde etkilemiştir (P<0.05). Araştırma sonucunda, ÜP'nın suda çözünebilir karbonhidrat düzeyi düşük olan yoncada karbonhidrat kaynağı olarak 160 ile 200 g/kg KM düzeyinde rahatlıkla kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir.
The aim of current experiment was to determine the effects of grape pomace (GP) as carbohydrate source on the fermentation, aerobic stability, in vitro gas production, in situ rumen degradability characteristics and relative feed value (RFV) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silages in laboratory conditions. Grape pomace was applied at 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 g/kg DM levels to alfalfa forage harvested at flowering stage and chopped to about 1.5-2.0 cm length. Supplementation of GP had a significant (P<0.05) effect on the chemical composition of alfalfa silage depending on the level of GP supplementation. The supplementation of GP significantly (P<0.05) decreased the crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) whereas the ash, water soluble content (WSC) and total tannin (TT) increased with increasing level of GP. The supplementation of GP decreased the pH, acetic acid, butyric acid and ammonia-N (NH3-N) whereas the supplementation of GP increased the lactic acid and propionic acid content of alfalfa silage (P<0.05). The supplementation of GP significantly (P<0.05) increased the in vitro gas production, digestible organic matter (DOM), metabolizable energy (ME), in situ dry matter degradability (DMD), organic matter degradability (OMD) whereas crude protein degradability (CPD). On the other hand the supplementation of GP improved the aerobic stability of alfalfa silage decreasing the CO2 production. The supplementation of GP had also positive and significant (P<0.05). Effect on the relative feed value (RFV) and dry matter intake (DMI). As a conclusion the GP can be used as a silage additive in the level of 160 and 200 g/kg DM when alfalfa plant is ensiled.
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