Ektomikorizne simbioze između gljiva i višegodišnjih biljka prirodno su prisutne u gotovo svim kopnenim ekosustavima. Ektomikoriznom zajednicom biljke osiguravaju organske tvari za ishranu gljiva, a ...zauzvrat dobivaj povećanu apsorptivnu površinu korijenovog sustava te brojne druge dobrobiti kao što su poboljšana ishrana bilja, povećana tolerantnost na štetočinje, toksicitet teških metala te uvjete suše i zaslanjenosti, povećan rast i prinosi. Budući da se staništa gljiva u ovom slučaj tartufa u Hrvatskoj sve više iscrpljuju, kao alternativa nudi se plantažni uzgoj tartufa. U radu su prikazane mogućnosti proizvodnje presadnica za uzgoj tartufa. Ovaj rad dat će doprinos spoznajama o mogućnostima proizvodnje kvalitetnog sadnog materijala za uspješnu proizvodnju tartufa.
Ectomoycorhizal symbiosis between mushrooms and perennial plants is naturally present in almost all land ecosystems. Ectomycorhizal community perennial plants provide organic nutrients for fungus nutrition, and in return acquires an increased absorption surface of the root system and numerous other benefits such as improved herbal nutrition, increased pest tolerance, heavy metal toxicity, drought and salinity, increased growth and yields. In case of truffles in Croatia the mushroom habitats are increasingly depleted, and an alternative is offered to planting truffles. The paper presents the possibilities of producing seedlings for truffle cultivation. This paper will contribute to the knowledge about the possibilities of producing quality planting material for the successful production of truffles.
The paper presents the results of the impact of ectomycorrhiza and humic acids on major morphological features of 1 year old seedlings of
Paulownia tomentosa × Paulownia fortunei
(9501) hybrids grown ...from root cuttings.
Paulownia
has many desirable properties as well as negative traits such as invasiveness. Experimental plantations were established in the spring of 2015 on a field in Zagreb. We used two different spacings (2x2 m and 4x4 m), each with two treatments and control. In the first treatment we planted seedlings grown from root cuttings inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi at the time of planting. For the second treatment we used the inoculated plants with the addition of soil humic acids. Seedlings were planted in flower beds with black plastic foil and a trickle irrigation system. Major morphological features of seedlings were measured at the end of the first growing season. A positive impact of the ectomycorrhizal fungi and humic acids on morphological characteristics of 1 year old seedlings
was established. For the planting distance 2x2 m we established significant differences between the seedlings treated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and seedlings treated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and humic acids compared to the control seedlings in the following variables: total seedling height, stem diameter at 10 cm from ground level, number of branches, seedling height to the first live branches and length of the longest branches. For the planting distance 4x4 m we obtained statistically significant differences between the seedlings treated with ectomycorrhizal fungi compared to the control seedlings in the following variables: stem diameter at 10 cm from ground level, the number of branches and the length of the longest branches. The application of ectomycorrhizal fungi and humic acids can increase the quality of forest plantation of paulownia. Before growing and putting paulownia seedlings on the market we should consider the fact that in Croatia there are no scientific or impact studies on the nature of several species from the genus
Paulownia
, and the risks should be assessed for each taxonomy category, even lower than the species. Such studies would give specific guidelines and plans for future plantations of paulownia.
U radu se prikazuju rezultati utjecaja ektomikorize i huminskih kiselina na važnije morfološke značajke jednogodišnjih sadnica hibrida
Paulownia tomentosa x Paulownia fortunei
(9501) uzgojenih iz korijenskih reznica. Paulovnija
ima brojna poželjna svojstva, ali i negative osobine poput invazivnosti. Pokusna plantaža je osnovana u proljeće 2015. godine na poljoprivrednom zemljištu na području grada Zagreba. Korištena su dva razmaka sadnje (2x2 m i 4x4 m), svaki s dva tretiranja i kontrolom. U prvom tretiranju sađene su sadnice uzgojene iz korijenskih reznica koje su inokulirane s ektomikoriznim gljivama u trenutku pikiranja. Drugo tretiranje bilo je s inokuliranim sadnicama uz dodatak tlu huminskih kiselina. Sadnice su posađene na gredice s crnom pvc folijom, ispod koje je postavljen sustav natapanja kap na kap. Važnije morfološke značajke sadnica su mjerene na kraju prvog vegetacijskog razdoblja. Utvrđen je pozitivan utjecaj primjene ektomikoriznih gljiva i huminskih kiselina na morfološke značajke jednogodišnjih sadnica. Kod razmaka sadnje 2x2 m su utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između sadnica tretiranih ektomikoriznim gljivama i sadnica tretiranih s ektomikoriznim gljivama i huminskim kiselinama u odnosu na kontrolne sadnice u sljedećim varijablama: ukupna visina sadnica, promjer stabljike na 10 cm od razine tla, broj grana, visina sadnica do prve žive grane i duljina najduže grane. Kod razmaka sadnje 4x4 m utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika između sadnica tretiranih ektomikoriznim gljivama u odnosu na kontrolne sadnice u sljedećim varijablama: promjer stabljike na 10 cm od razine tla, broj grana i duljina najduže grane. Primjena ektomikoriznih gljiva i huminskih kiselina može povećati kakvoću šumskih plantaža paulovnija. Kod puštanja u promet sadnica paulovnija i uzgoja istih treba se uzeti u obzir činjenica kako u Republici Hrvatskoj ne postoje znanstvena istraživanja i studije utjecaja vrsta paulovnija na prirodu, pri čemu rizik treba procjenjivati za svaku taksonomsku kategoriju, pa i nižu od vrste. Takve studije bi trebale dati konkretne smjernice i planove za buduća podizanja plantaža paulovnija.
Hrast kitnjak je jedna od ekonomski i ekološki najvažnijih vrsta listopadnog šumskog drveća u Europi. U većini ekosustava umjerene klimatske zone zasnivanje, rast i preživljavanje stabala ovise o ...njihovoj zajednici sa ektomikoriznim (ECM) gljivama. Pri tome informacije o strukturi ECM zajednice mogu pružiti dragocjene informacije o funkcioniranju šumskih ekosustava. Međutim, podaci o raznolikosti ECM gljiva na hrastovima u Republici Srbiji su rijetki. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je pružiti prvi uvid u raznolikost ECM gljiva na hrastu kitnjaku u Srbiji. Odabrane su dvije lokacije Info centar i Brankovac, smještene u Nacionalnom parku Fruška gora. ECM gljive su identificirane kombiniranjem morfološke i anatomske karakterizacije s molekularnom analizom nuklearne rDNA ITS regije. Prebrojani su svi vitalni ECM korijenski vrhovi, izračunati indeksi raznolikosti i ECM gljive su klasificirane u eksploracijske tipove. Analiziran je i granulometrijski i kemijski sastav tla. Na obje lokacije zabilježeno je ukupno 26 taksona ECM gljiva, 17 taksona zabilježeno je na lokaciji Info centar i 12 taksona na Brankovcu. ECM zajednice sastojale su se od nekoliko brojnih ECM gljiva i većeg broja rijetkih ECM gljiva. Na obje lokacije zabilježeni su Lactarius quietus, Cenococcum geophilum i Tomentella sublilacina. Na lokaciji Info centar dominirale su porodice Thelephoraceae, Russulaceae i Inocybaceae, dok su na lokaciji Brankovac najzastupljenije familije bile Entolomataceae, Tuberaceae i Russulaceae. Velika brojnost kontaktnih i eksploracijskih tipova kratkih udaljenosti zabilježena u proučavanim sastojinama sugerira da su tla dovoljno bogata ukupnim dušikom i organskim tvarima. Vrijednosti indeksa raznolikosti zabilježene u proučavanim sastojinama hrasta kitnjaka s Fruške gore bile su niže u usporedbi s onima dobivenim u sastojinama različitih vrsta hrasta diljem Europe, što je vjerojatno uzrokovano sušom. Da bi se dobio temeljitiji uvid u raznolikost tipova ektomikoriza na hrastu kitnjaku, trebalo bi nastaviti s istraživanjima na više mjesta i uključiti sezonsku dinamiku.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Mycorrhizas are symbiotic associations formed between the group of specialized soil fungi and roots of higher plants. Mycorrhizas ...are present in all terrestrial ecosystems and play a central role in the nutrient uptake. In addition, mycorrhizal plants are often more resistant to diseases caused by microbial soil borne pathogens and to the effects of drought. Ectomycorhiza is being established with roots of trees, especially the families Betulaceae, Pinaceae, Fagaceae and Salicaceae, representing ecologically and economically most important tree species being dominated in boreal, Mediterranean forests and forests in temperate region. Analysis of diversity and distribution of ectomyccorhizas is important for understanding of their ecological function. According to published data, 50 ectomycorrhizal fungal genera have been recorded in Montenegro until now: 12 Genera of Ascomycota (50 taxa) and 38 Genera of Basidiomicota (267 taxa), representing c.ca one third of the total number of macromycetes’ records here. Pinus heldrechii Christ, being tertiar relict and subendemic, is one of the most interesting elements of Balkan’s dendroflorae. Fungal communities in P. heldreichii forests are only slightly examined, while their ectomycorrhizal communities have not been described or even confirmed. Due to evident ecological adaptibility, P. heldreichii could be used for afforestation of extreme terrains. In that sense, ectomycorrhizal fungi surviving on these soils should receive a special scientific attention. The overall aim of this doctorial dissertation was to introduce the ectomycorrhizal communities of Pinus heldreichii, also as to examine the possibilities of application of ectomycorrhizal fungi in nurrsery production of conifers. The collection of c.ca 40 of fungal culture’s isolates of putative ectomycorrhizal fungi from Montenegro area was established and used in further researches. Using different methods of inoculation under laboratory conditions, ectomycorrhiza were achieved between P. heldreichii and 18 fungal species. Genetic characterisation of fungal cultures was performed using molecular methods (ITS sequencing), and 22 fungal ITS sequences (20 ectomycorrhizal) were deposed in NCBI GenBank. This way, fungi from 10 ectomycorrhizal genera were characterised: Amanita, Boletus, Hebeloma, Lactarius, Russula, Suillus,Tricholoma, Pisolithus, Scleroderma, also as Chalciporus and Hypholoma. Using RFLP analysis with Hinf I, Alu I, Mbo I, Bsur, EcoRI i Rsa I restrictive enzymes, RFLP patterns for 25 taxa were obtained, which could serve as an efficient tool for their further monitoring. Characterization of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of P. heldreichii, done by molecular analysis of plant roots on 2 localities with different soil development, shows their differences in composition and structure. In pioneer forest community of P. heldreichii on calcareous soils in initial phase, 11 morphotypes were identified on root samples, from which 29 ectomycorrhizal taxa were extracted. Species from genera Suillus, Rhizopogon, Amphinema, Tomentela, Willcoxina, Sebacine, Pseudotomentella, Lactarius, Tricholoma, Inocybe were predominant in ectomycorrhizal community on this locality. In climatogenous P. heldreichii forest on calcareous brown forest soil, 7 morphotypes and 21 ectomycorrhizal taxa were identified. On this locality, Amphinema taxa were predominant, while Tomentella, Sebacine, Pseudotomentella, Suillus, Russula and Lactarius followed. Examination of physiological characteristics of Chalciporus ammarelus (Quel.) Bataile, Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray, Russula sanguinaria (Schumach.) Rauschert, Suillus granulatus (L.) Rousell, Suillus collinitus (Fr) Kuntze, Tricholoma batchii Gulden, Tricholoma imbricatum (Fr.) Kumm, Pisolithus arhizus (Scop.) Rauschert, Scleroderma sp. in vitro, displays differences in appearances of cultures of same fungus developed on different temperatures, nitrogen (NH4 +, NO3 -, protein) and carbon sources (glucose, sucrose, dextrin, arabinose, xylose, starch). Examined isolates from P. heldreichii forests showed the best growth at 22°, while the temperature of 25°C suited better P. arhizus and Scleroderma. Examined isolates could have used ammonium, nitrate and protein as nitrogen sources, and, practically, all of them were able to use the different carbohydrates as the carbon sources, although those characteristics were variable between the species. All examined isolates exhibited good growth on pH between 4 and 7,5. Seedling mycorrhization acts as an efficient tool for improving the quality of seedlings. The effectiveness of different autochthonous ectomycorrhizal fungi to produce containerized ectomycorrhizal seedlings of Pinus nigra in open field conditions was investigated. Spore inoculation with P. arhizus, S. granulatus, S. collinitus, Xerocomus rubellus (106, 107, 108), Boletus luridus, Boletus fechtneri and Boletus aestivalis (107) and vegetative inoculation with P. arhizus, S. granulatus, Scleroderma sp. (1:16, 1:8, 1:4) on ectomycorrhizal formation and seedling growth were tested and proved to be an effective method of obtaining containerized ectomycorrhizal P. nigra seedlings under open field conditions after 11 months. Seedling growth also as ectomycorrhizal formation and development differs according to applied fungal species and inoculation method. According to obtained results, and having in mind the simplicity of application and low costs, it would be feasible to use the spore inocula of P. arhizus with 106 - 107spores per plant, also as S. collinitus and S. granulatus, with 106 spores per plant, to produce ectomycorrhizal P. nigra plants on a large scale. Controlled mycorrhizal inoculation of seedlings is not a common practice in Montenegrin and Serbian nurseries; as such, the obtained results will contribute to the enhancement of nursery production of Pinus nigra and other conifers.- Mikoriza predstavlja zajednicu između grupe gljiva koje žive u zemljištu i korena viših biljaka. Mikoriza se javlja u svim terestričnim ekosistemima i ima važnu ulogu u usvajanju hranljivih materija. Osim toga, biljke sa mikorizom su otpornije na bolesti i sušu. Ekrtomikoriza je tip mikorizne simbioze karakterističan za drveće iz familija Betulaceae, Pinaceae, Fagaceae i Salicaceae, koje predstavlja ekološki i ekonomski najznačajnije drvenaste vrste, dominantne u borealnim, mediteranskim šumama i šumama umerenog pojasa. Analiza diverziteta i rasprostranjenja ektomikorize je značajna za razumevanje njene ekološke uloge. Na osnovu objavljenih podataka, dosadašnjim istraživanjima je u Crnoj Gori zabeleženo 48 rodova ektomikoriznih gljiva: 12 rodova Ascomycota (50 taksona) i 38 rodova Basidiomycota (267 taksona), što predstavlja oko trećinu makromiceta zabeleženih u Crnoj Gori. Munika (Pinus heldrechii Christ.), tercijalni relikt i subendemit, predstavlja jedan od najinteresantnijih elemenata dendroflore Balkana. Zajednice gljiva u šumama munike su slabo istražene, dok ektomikorizne zajednice munike nisu do sada opisivane, niti potvrđene. Zbog svoje ekološke plastičnosti munika se može koristiti za pošumljavanje ekstremnih terena. U tom smislu pažnju zavređuju i ektomikorizne gljive koje opstaju baš na ovakvim staništima. Cilj ove doktorske disetacije bio je upoznavanje sa ektomikoriznim zajednicama munike, kao i ispitivanje mogućnosti primene i korišćenja autohtonih ektomikoriznih gljiva u rasadničkoj proizvodnji četinara. Formirana je kolekcija koja je sadržala oko 40 kultura pretpostavljeno ektomikoriznih gljiva sa prostora Crne Gore, koje su korišćene u daljim istraživanjima. Upotrebom različitih metoda inokulacije u laboratorijskim uslovima ostvarena je ektomikoriza između munike i 18 vrsta gljiva. Upotrebom molekularnih metoda izvršena je genetička karakterizacija pojedinih kultura ektomikoriznih gljiva. U Banku Gena NCBI deponavane su 22 sekvence gljiva od kojih 20 pripada mikoriznim vrstama. Na ovaj način su genetički okarakterisane gljive iz 10 ektomikoriznih rodova : Amanita, Boletus, Hebeloma, Lactarius, Russula, Suillus, Tricholoma, Pisolithus, Scleroderma, kao i Chalciporus i Hypholoma. Upotrebom restrikcionih enzima Hinf I, Alu I, Mbo I, Bsur, EcoR I i Rsa I dobijeni su restrikcioni šabloni za 25 vrste ektomikoriznih gljiva koji mogu poslužiti za njihovo praćenje. Karakterizacija ektomikoriznih zajednica munike, obavljena molekularnom analizom korena, na dva lokaliteta sa različito razvijenim zemljištem, pokazuje da se one razlikuju po sastavu i strukturi. U pionirskoj zajednici munike sa gotovo potpuno nerazvijenim zemljištem, na uzorcima korena identifikovano je 11 različitih morfotipova iz kojih je izolovano je 29 ektomikoriznih taksona. Ektomikoriznom zajednicom munike na ovom staništu dominiraju vrste iz rodova Suillus, Rhizopogon, Amphinema, Tomentela, Willcoxina, Sebacine, Pseudotomentella, Lactarius, Tricholoma, Inocybe. U klimatogenoj zajednici munike na razvijenom smeđem zemljištu na krečnjacima, u uzorcima korena identifikovano je 7 različitih morfotipova, odakle je izolovan 21 mikorizni takson. Ovde dominiraju Amphinema taksoni, a zatim Tomentella, Sebacine, Pseudotomentella, Suillus, Russula, Lactarius. Ispitivanja fizioloških karakteristika Chalciporus ammarelus (Quel) Bataile, Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray, Russula sanguinaria (Schumach.) Rauschert, Suillus granulatus (L.) Rousell, Suillus collinitus (Fr) Kuntze, Tricholoma batchii Gulden, Tricholoma imbricatum (Fr.) Kumm, Pisolithus arhizus (Scop.) Rauschert, Scleroderma sp. u laboratorijskim uslovima pokazuju da postoje razlike u izgledu kultura iste gljive kada se ona razvija na različitim temperaturama, različitim izvorima azota i ugljenka. Ispitivani izolati poreklom iz šume munike najbolje rastu na temperaturi od 22°C, dok izolati P. arhizus i Scleroderma bolje rastu na 25°C. Pokazalo se da su svi ispitivani izolati mogli da koriste amonijačni
Mikorizne makrogljive iznimno su značajne za fiziološko stanje biljnog simbionta te ga u određenoj mjeri štite od biotskih i abiotskih uzročnika stresa, ali i patogenih organizama. Na području ...istraživanja u Istri, patogena gljiva Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko et Sutton uzrokovala je značajna sušenja kultura crnog bora (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold) tijekom posljednjih 25 godina, a odnos ektomikoriznih gljiva i S. sapinea do sada nije istraživan. Ovo se istraživanje nastavlja na prijašnja istraživanja predispozicije crnog bora na zarazu gljivom S. sapinea, prilikom kojih je utvrđen utjecaj staništa i stresa na zarazu. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio analizirati mikocenozu kultura crnog bora, kako bi se odredila ovisnost pojavljivanja različitih ektomikoriznih vrsta i njihovih plodišta u odnosu na prisutnost S. sapinea na iglicama. Uzorci gljiva sakupljani su tijekom tri godine (2011–2013.) na tri trajne plohe od 36. do 50. tjedna u godini. Određeni su udjeli ektomikoriznih vrsta i njihovih plodišta u ukupnom broju vrsta i plodišta te su izdvojene vrste koje imaju indikativnu vrijednost za zdravstveno stanje borovih kultura. Rezultati pokazuju jasnu ovisnost pojavljivanja S. sapinea o udjelu ektomikoriznih vrsta i njihovih plodišta. Povećanjem udjela ektomikoriznih vrsta i plodišta na 60 % ili više, značajno se smanjuje prisutnost patogena na iglicama. Također, mikocenoze zdravih i oštećenih kultura značajno su se razlikovale po sastavu vrsta.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Mikorizne makro gljive iznimno su značajne za fiziološko stanje biljnog simbionta te ga u određenoj mjeri štite od biotskih i ...abiotskih uzročnika stresa. Na području istraživanja u Istri, patogena gljiva Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko et Sutton uzrokovala je značajno sušenje kultura crnog bora (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold) tijekom posljednjih 25 godina, a odnos ektomikoriznih gljiva i S. sapinea do sada nije istraživan. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je analizirati mikocenozu kultura crnog bora kakobi se odredila ovisnost pojavljivanja S. sapinea na iglicama, odnosno njenih plodnihtijela (piknida), te ovisnost osutosti krošanja u odnosu na udio ektomikoriznih gljiva injihovih plodišta. Istraživanjem je posebna pozornost posvećena bioraznolikosti mikoriznih gljiva, odnosno osjetljivim mikobioindikatorskim rodovima i vrstama kao pokazateljima zdravstvenog stanja šumskog ekosustava. Saprotrofne vrste gljivatakođer su bilježene kako bi se mogli odrediti udjeli između trofičkih grupa.Uzorci gljiva sakupljani su tijekom tri godine (2011-2013.) na tri trajne plohe od 36. do 50. tjedna u godini, a 2013. godine dodano je šest novih ploha.Rezultati pokazuju jasnu i statistički značajnu ovisnost pojavljivanja piknida S. sapinea i osutosti stabala o udjelu ektomikoriznih vrsta i njihovih plodišta.Povećanjem udjela ektomikoriznih vrsta i plodišta, značajno se smanjuje prisustvo patogena na iglicama, smanjuje se osutost krošanja kao i udio značajno osutih stabala.Kulture s manjim udjelima ektomikoriznih vrsta pokazivale su veći stupanj zaraze i osutost krošanja. Također, mikocenoze zdravih i oštećenih kultura značajno su se razlikovale po sastavu vrsta. Ukupno je zabilježeno sedam novih vrsta za Hrvatsku mikobiotu.Iako nije moguće izravno povezati pojedine gljivlje vrste i patogena, različiteektomikorizne vrste mogu poslužiti kao pouzdan pokazatelj zdravstvenog stanja. Zbog sve ukupne neistraženosti gljiva u Hrvatskoj potrebno je provoditi daljnja istraživanja kako bi se utvrdio funkcionalni značaj pojedine gljivlje vrste u ekosustavu.- Mycorrhizal macrofungi play an important role in plant physiologicalcondition and help protecting their hosts from biotic and abiotic stress and pathogens.At the research area in Istria, western Croatia, pathogenic fungus Sphaeropsissapinea (Fr.) Dyko et Sutton has caused substantial damage in Austrian pine (Pinusnigra J. F. Arnold) plantations through the last 25 years. During the previous researchactivities on predisposition to S. sapinea infections, site and stress conditions weredetermined as key factors. Back then, existing differences in fungal communities atdisturbed and healthy Austrian pine plantations were observed. We hypothesized thatAustrian pine plantations with higher ratio of ECM species and their sporocarps(minimum 40% of ECM species) are less susceptible to S. sapinea infection.Furthermore, they have lower crown transparency percentage and higher levels ofpotassium (K) in one- and two years old needles. Also, we tested species richness anddiversity indices as an Austrian pine health status indicators. This is the first researchon linkage between ECM species and S. sapinea infection rate on Austrian pineneedles.Fungal samples were collected on three different permanent research plotsof 400 m2 each, for three consecutive years (2011-2013) from week 36 to week 50,every fortnight. Additional six plots were added in 2013. All samples were recordedwith digital camera. Each fungal species and all its sporocarps on the plot representedone sample. They were collected in a wax paper bags, assigned and processed inlaboratory on the same day. Sporocarps were counted and dried for 48 hours at 35-40C. Afterwards, they were packed in plastic bags and deposited to Croatian NationalFungarium (CNF) for further identification. For all plots we analyzed soil samplesand recorded soil profiles. For all plots, plant communities were recorded in 2014, inApril and June.Symptomatic branches and needles were taken from one tree per plot toanalyze S. sapinea presence and number of pycnidia. Each tree was represented withfive branches and 20 needles (100 needles per plot). Crown transparency wasassessed for all trees on plots according to ICP Forest methodology. Needles fornutrients analyzes were collected from five trees scattered across the plantation. Oneyear old and two year old needles were collected and processed separately. Nitrogen(N), potassium (K) and sulfur (S) were analyzed.All collected data were analyzed with Statistica 10 software and PAST 3.06software. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, linear regression and correlation analyzes werecarried out. Shannon index (H), Simpson index (D) and Evenness (E) wereIXcalculated to compare biodiversity on research plots.Soil analyses defined three different soil types: Tera Rossa (plots MaliGolji and Trošti), Calcocambisol (plots Trstenik, Lovranska Draga, Ripenda andKurbino brdo) and Eutric Cambisol on flysch (plots Previž, Lesišćina and Paz).During the three year survey on three plots, 2814 sporocarps (2288 ECM)and 88 species (47 ECM) were recorded, belonging to 37 genera. The maximumspecies richness was found at plot Trstenik (44 species), while the highest sporocarprichness was recorded at plot Previž. Results from data obtained on nine plots only in2013 showed different species richness distribution. Plot Trošti was the most rich infungi species (35), and was followed by plots Trstenik (34) and Lesišćina (33). Atplots Lovranska Draga and Paz only 15 species were recorded. The highest numberof sporocarps was recorded on plot Previž (1422), then Ripenda (407) and Trošti(361). The lowest sporocarp number was recorded at plot Lovranska Draga (58), thenPaz (123) and Mali Golji (161). In total, at 2013, 3377 sporocarps were recorded,belonging to 124 fungal species and 48 genera.Sphaeropsis sapinea pycnidia were not found at plots Previž and Lesišćina,while they were abundant at plots Trošti, Kurbino brdo and Mali Golji. On analyzedneedles, together with S. sapinea, we found present Truncatella hartigii (Tubeuf)Steyaert. Plots with highest share of ECM species (Previž, Lesišććina and Paz) werefree of pycnidia or we found only few per needle. An opposite situation occurred onplots with low share of ECM species and sporocarps (<30%), where S. sapinea wasabundantly present together with higher crown transparency. Shares of ECM speciesand sporocarps were strongly related to an average number of S. sapinea pycnidia ona single needle and to crown transparency. Linear regression trends were statisticallysignificant at p<0,05. Between studied variables, strong and statistically significantcorrelations were present. Potassium level in one- and two- year old nedlees wasuneaqual among differently infcected plots. Nitrogen and sulfur content was loweston healthy plots at flysch bedrock and highest at severly infected plots. N:K ratio waslowest at most healthy most infected plots as well. Nitrogen content showedstatistically significant and relatively strong correlation with number of picnidya onnedlees and percentage of crown transparency. Potassium content showed a relativelyweek correlation towards studied variables.Several ECM species with assumed mycobioindication value were recordedat plots Previž and Lesišćina only, e. g. Tricholoma caligatum (Viv.) Ricken, Suillusmediterraneensis Jacquet. & J. Blum) Redeuilh, Hydnum albidum Peck, Hydnellumferrugineum (Fr.) P. Karst., Phellodon niger (Fr.) P. Karst. and Cantharelluslutescens (Pers.). In this study, seven fungal species (Boletopsis grisea, Galerinabadipes, G. vittiformis, Lyophyllum aemiliae, Ramaria decurrens, Tricholoma focale,T. stans), were recorded for the first time in Croatia. Shannon and Simpson indicesand Evennes showed no correlation towards variables representing plantation healthstatus nor did species richness.According to obtained results, plots Previž, Lesišćina and Paz werecharacterized as not disturbed (affected), plots Trstenik, Ripenda and LovranskaDraga were characterized as moderately disturbed, while plots Trošti, Kurbino brdoand Mali Golji were characterized as severely disturbed. We confirmed ourhypothesis that ECM species and sporocarp ratio are reliable indicators of Austrianpine plantations health status. This was further confirmed by numerous indicatorfungal species recorded only at healthy plots. Diversity indices and species richnessare not reliable indicators of Austrian pine plantations health status.XThis research continues on previous research at the same Austrian pineplots on predisposition to S. sapinea infections, where site and stress conditions weredetermined as key factors. Our results confirm the assumption that stands with higherS. sapinea infection rate have impoverished mycorrhizal community and revealpotential indicator species of more resistant and healthy habitats. Since this researchbrings out results that cannot be compared with other studies, we must interpretobtained results with precaution. To gain more reliable and precise results, furtherresearch based on higher number of plots, longer survey period and more detailedanalysis of habitat factors is needed.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
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