The Dark Side of a Smiley Glikson, Ella; Cheshin, Arik; Kleef, Gerben A. van
Social psychological & personality science,
07/2018, Letnik:
9, Številka:
5
Journal Article
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First impressions are heavily influenced by emotional expressions such as smiles. In face-to-face contact, smiling individuals are perceived as warmer and as more competent than nonsmiling ...individuals. In computer-mediated communication, which is primarily text-based, the “smiley” (☺) constitutes the digital representation of a smile. But is a smiley a suitable replacement for a smile? We conducted three experiments to examine the impact of smiley use on virtual first impressions in work-related contexts. Our findings provide first-time evidence that, contrary to actual smiles, smileys do not increase perceptions of warmth and actually decrease perceptions of competence. Perceptions of low competence in turn undermined information sharing. The adverse effects of smiley use are moderated by the formality of the social context and mediated by perceptions of message appropriateness. These results indicate that a smiley is not a smile. The findings have implications for theorizing on the social functionality of virtual emotional expressions.
An important function of emoji as communicative symbols is to convey emotional content from sender to receiver in computer-mediated communication, e. g., WhatsApp. However, compared with real faces, ...pictures or words, many emoji are ambiguous because they do not symbolize a discrete emotion or feeling state. Thus, their meaning relies on the context of the message in which they are embedded. Previous studies investigated affective judgments of pictures, faces, and words suggesting that these stimuli show a typical distribution along the big two emotion dimensions of valence and arousal. Also, emoji and emoticons have been investigated recently for their affective significance. The present study extends previous research by investigating affective ratings of emoji, emoticons and human faces and by direct comparison between them. In total, 60 stimuli have been rated by 83 participants (eight males, age: 18-49 years), using the non-verbal Self-Assessment Manikin Scales for valence and arousal. The emotionality of the stimuli was measured on a 9-point Likert scale. The results show significant main effects of the factors "stimulus category" and "discrete emotion" including emotionality, valence and arousal. Also, the interaction between these two main factors was significant. Emoji elicited highest arousal, whereas stimuli related to happiness were rated highest in valence across stimulus categories. Angry emoji were rated highest in emotionality. Also, the discrete emotion was best recognized in emoji, followed by human face stimuli and lastly emoticons.
Abstract
Social Media is an arena in recent times for people to share their perspectives on a variety of topics. Most of the social interactions are through the Social Media. Though all the Online ...Social Networks allow users to express their views and opinions in many forms like audio, video, text etc, the most popular form of expression is text, Emoticons and Emojis. The work presented in this paper aims at detecting the sentiments expressed in the Social Media posts. The Machine Learning Models namely Bernoulli Bayes, Multinomial Bayes, Regression and SVM were implemented. All these models were trained and tested with Twitter Data sets. Users on Twitter express their opinions in the form of tweets with limited characters. Tweets also contain Emoticons and Emojis therefore Twitter data sets are best suited for the sentiment analysis. The effect of emoticons present in the tweet is also analyzed. The models are first trained only with the text and then they are trained with text and emoticon in the tweet. The performance of all the four models in both cases are tested and the results are presented in the paper.
Emojis have evolved from imitations of facial expressions meant to communicate affect into pictures of objects, food, and places that are not directly linked to affect. While emojis that resemble ...facial expressions are well-researched, emojis that resemble objects and items are much less so. The current experiment is an exploration as to whether these non-face emojis disambiguate messages and communicate affect in the same manner in which face emojis do. Participants rated the affective content and ambiguity of text messages that are either accompanied or not by a non-face emoji. Results suggest that non-face emojis may disambiguate messages and transmit affect, and that these roles interact such that the extent to which an emoji communicates affect is related to how much it disambiguates a message. These results are discussed through the lens of the sociological theory of emotion work. The author also suggests ways in which research on non-face emojis might uncover more flexible communicative roles not possible with face emojis.
•Non-face emojis may decrease message ambiguity and increase readers' confidence.•Non-face emojis may alter readers' perceived affect of a text message.•Non-face emojis may alter affective content more significantly for ambiguous messages.
PurposeAlthough graphic-based emoticons in mobile instant messenger (MIM) services became an important revenue source for their service provider, empirical research investigating factors influencing ...graphic-based emoticon purchase from the consumer's perspective is insufficient. The authors explore how user's achieved belongingness (acceptance or rejection) affects graphic based emoticon usage motivations and its purchase intentions.Design/methodology/approachA structural model is used to examine the relationship among individual's overall achieved belongingness, motivation factors of graphic-based emoticon usage in MIM such as perceived usefulness, perceived enjoyment, perceived enjoyment for others, social norm and emoticon purchase intentions. The authors collected and analyzed survey data of 279 Korean KakaoTalk users.FindingsThe analysis shows that perceived acceptance/inclusion positively impacts perceived usefulness, enjoyment and enjoyment of others in graphic-based emoticon usage. Meanwhile, perceived rejection/exclusion positively impacts perceived enjoyment and enjoyment of others but negatively influences perceived social norms. Moreover, social norms and perceived enjoyment directly affect graphic-based emoticon purchase intentions. The authors also find that perceived enjoyment of others and perceived social norms in a serial causal order mediate the relationship between perceived acceptance/inclusion (and rejection/exclusion) and emoticon purchase intentions.Research limitations/implicationsAdditional research including users from other demographic groups, such as other age groups, is required to generalize our findings and to increase external validity.Originality/valueUnique implications related to the role of user's achieved belongingness and perceived enjoyment of others in graphic-based emoticon usage in purchase intentions are found.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/ 10.1108/OIR-02-2020-0036
Prior studies suggest that the primary function of graphicons, such as emoji and stickers, is to enable more effective digital communication between individuals. In a digitally interactive ...environment, graphicons are an important means of expressing and exchanging sentiments, emotions, and thoughts. However, there is little understanding of the use of graphicons in the context of social and cultural conditions and their effect on impression management. Through analysis of in-depth interview data, the present study identifies three strategic applications of graphicons: social necessity, pursuit of social propriety, and expression of authentic self. Our findings suggest that individuals utilize various tools in the digital space to facilitate impression management. Graphicons are specifically used to convey relational meanings, and their usage is strongly related to social and cultural contexts and norms.
CMC research presents emoticons as visual representations of writers' emotions. We argue that the emoticons in authentic workplace e‐mails do not primarily indicate writers' emotions. Rather, they ...provide information about how an utterance is supposed to be interpreted. We show that emoticons function as contextualization cues, which serve to organize interpersonal relations in written interaction. They serve 3 communicative functions. First, when following signatures, emoticons function as markers of a positive attitude. Second, when following utterances that are intended to be interpreted as humorous, they are joke/irony markers. Third, they are hedges: when following expressive speech acts (such as thanks, greetings, etc.) they function as strengtheners and when following directives (such as requests, corrections, etc.) they function as softeners.
Sentiment analysis is a technique that analyzes the attitudes and emotions of people towards some product, service etc. Sentiment analysis of some product or service can be beneficial in predicting ...future scope of it. However, manually analyzing a large number of documents in a limited time can be a tedious and challenging task. Hence, several attempts have been made in the literature to solve this problem and several sentiment analysis techniques have been proposed. However, these approaches do not consider or do not give much weighted to‘emoticons’ present in the sentence. Emotions are very popular these days and have become an integral part of written communication. Hence, in this paper, we propose a novel algorithm, based on ‘emoticon score learning’ for identifying sentiment of a given sentence. We test the proposed algorithm on 1000 tweets. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is effective in sentiment classification and give accuracy of 91.1%. Additionally, the proposed algorithm is able to detect sentences consisting of both positive and negative sentiments.
This research concerns on analysis of emoticon and sticker use phenomena in millennial age range. This research is qualitatively elaborated by analysis as the research design. Deriving the data based ...on the discourse, language, meaning and context (discourse and pragmatics) is intentionally meant to acquire the deeper result. The result shows that most of social media platform users utilize the emoticon and sticker to depict their emotion and to simplify in texting. Visual emotions becomes very popular stuff which is mostly used according to the real phenomena. Bridging the emoticon and sticker use with Van Dijk’s statement (2001) about implicit meaning text can be precisely analyzed. Society must know the mean of the emoticon and sticker they use. Society should comprehend that sticker use can minimize the time instead of typing, and this study is supposed to give contribution in sticker phenomenon to maximize the features.
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