In this study, we conducted physical modeling to investigate the effectiveness of nanodispersed catalysts, specifically pure magnetite and magnetite with nickel oxide, for in situ upgrading of ...high-viscosity Ashal′cha heavy oil through thermal steam treatment (TST). The reactions were carried out at 250 °C for different treatment durations (24, 48, and 72 h). The aquathermolysis reactions with Fe3O4 + NiO catalyst exhibited remarkable results, achieving an optimum viscosity reduction of 2000 mPa·s through thermal cracking, which converted heavy high-molecular-weight compounds into lighter compounds. Furthermore, the presence of the catalyst contributed to increased levels of light-saturated compounds and aromatic compounds, while significantly decreasing asphaltenes and resins. Hydrogen donors were introduced to prevent hydrocarbon polymerization. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis indicated that increasing the treatment duration did not adversely affect the reaction compared to the absence of the catalyst. Notably, the magnetite catalyst demonstrated high efficiency due to its availability, cost-effectiveness, and small nanosize, facilitating penetration into reservoir rock pores when injected into the reservoir medium. These findings underscore the potential of nanodispersed catalysts for in situ heavy oil upgrading, offering viscosity reduction and the conversion of heavy compounds into valuable light compounds.
•A Li-ion BESS market overview of Europe, the Middle East and Africa is presented.•Existing Li-ion BESS use-cases are analyzed.•Key drivers enabling the implementation of Li-ion BESS projects are ...discussed.•Requirements and associated risk factors are evaluated.•The future relevant technological developments and market trends are assessed.
Large-scale Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are gradually playing a very relevant role within electric networks in Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA). The high energy density of Li-ion based batteries in combination with a remarkable round-trip efficiency and constant decrease in the levelized cost of storage have led to the recent boom of the technology. However, many of the potential applications of large-scale battery systems are not economically viable at this point in time. As a result, several BESS projects are being pushed by the industry towards specific niches which are based on revenue streams that can be rather complex than straightforward. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of how large-scale Li-ion BESS are currently being implemented in the EMEA region, giving an answer to the following questions: what are the main use-cases of large-scale Li-ion batteries that are being implemented? What are the key factors that are enabling the deployment of BESS projects in the present markets? How can current tendencies be extrapolated to the future outlook of Li-ion BESS implementations? The large-scale energy storage market is evolving at a very fast pace, hence this review paper intends to contribute to a better understanding of the current status of Li-ion battery systems focusing on the economic feasibility that is driving the realization of Li-ion BESS projects in the EMEA region.
Rising energy costs, losses in the present-day electricity grid, risks from nuclear power generation, and global environmental changes are motivating a transformation of the conventional ways of ...generating electricity. Globally, there is a desire to rely more on renewable energy resources (RERs) for electricity generation. RERs reduce greenhouse gas emissions and may have economic benefits, e.g., through applying demand side management with dynamic pricing so as to shift loads from fossil fuel-based generators to RERs. The electricity grid is presently evolving toward an intelligent grid, the so-called smart grid (SG). One of the major goals of the future SG is to move toward 100% electricity generation from RERs, i.e., toward a 100% renewable grid. However, the disparate, intermittent, and typically widely geographically distributed nature of RERs complicates the integration of RERs into the SG. Moreover, individual RERs have generally lower capacity than conventional fossil fuel-based plants, and these RERs are based on a wide spectrum of different technologies. In this article, we give an overview of recent efforts that aim to integrate RERs into the SG. We outline the integration of RERs into the SG along with their supporting communication networks. We also discuss ongoing projects that seek to integrate RERs into the SG around the globe. Finally, we outline future research directions on integrating RERs into the SG.
The significant contribution, novelty, and objectives behind this survey paper which makes it essential as compared to other research papers, are as follows:•Describe the current energy scenario ...based on the diverse challenges from the demand growth, contamination of the conventional sources of energy production units, and the employment merits and challenges of renewable energy resources.•Discusses numerous ways for energy management strategy where the electrical energy storage system plays a significant role in enhancing the system's dynamic performance for enhanced power flow efficiency of the power grid network.•Presents a comprehensive study using tabular structures and schematic illustrations about the various configuration, energy storage efficiency, types, control strategies, issues, future trends, and real world application of the electrical energy storage system.•Analyzes an extensive evaluation of the microgrid technology's architecture, communication system, and control strategies with an in-depth literature review.•Demonstrates the future perspective of implementing renewable energy sources, electrical energy storage systems, and microgrid systems regarding high storage capability, smart-grid atmosphere, and techno-economic deployment.•Details the issues and challenges faced during the electrical energy storage system integration for microgrid system applications. In addition, many investigations are highlighted to ensure a better future direction, which can be considered for further research work.
Microgrids (MGs) have emerged as a viable solution for consumers consisting of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and local loads within a smaller zone that can operate either in an autonomous or grid tide mode. The DERs usually utilize Renewable Energy Resources (RERs), which have the advantages of meeting enhanced power demand, mitigating the pollutants of the environment, natural source of energy, needs minimal maintenance and cheap. Although MG integration provides several benefits, it faces many challenges and issues in its control and management, which can be effectively dealt with incorporating Energy Storage System (ESS) technologies into MGs. The addition of ESS to MGs has acquired increased attention as ESS can store energy during off-peak hours and deliver when required during peak hours. However, despite so many benefits, the ESS faces numerous issues in its integration, such as control, protection, state of charge (SoC), state of discharge (SoD), safety, life span, capacity, reliability and cost. So, to enhance the application of ESS in MG, the above issues need to be dealt with seriously. This research paper highlights the integration of ESS for MG application with a comprehensive review of issues, control methods, challenges, solutions, application, and overall management prospects. Further, the future trends and real time applications are also elucidated, which remarkably contributes to developing a cost effective and robust ESS architecture having a longer life span for renewable MGs application. Thus, an overview of this survey article's projected insights contributes to developing a techno-economic and effective integration of ESS with an extended life cycle for green MG employment.
A Summary of the Review Methodology Adopted in the Present Article Display omitted .
The increasing uptake of distributed energy resources in distribution systems and the rapid advance of technology have established new scenarios in the operation of low-voltage networks. In ...particular, recent trends in cryptocurrencies and blockchain have led to a proliferation of peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading schemes, which allow the exchange of energy between the neighbors without any intervention of a conventional intermediary in the transactions. Nevertheless, far too little attention has been paid to the technical constraints of the network under this scenario. A major challenge to implementing P2P energy trading is ensuring network constraints are not violated during the energy exchange. This paper proposes a methodology based on sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of P2P transactions on the network and to guarantee an exchange of energy that does not violate network constraints. The proposed method is tested on a typical U.K. low-voltage network. The results show that our method ensures that energy is exchanged between users under the P2P scheme without violating the network constraints, and that users can still capture the economic benefits of the P2P architecture.
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•Pearson correlation is most common metric of complementarity quantification.•Concept of complementarity is often mentioned but clear application is not provided.•Most research ...activities focus on: Brazil, Europe, China and USA.
Global and regional trends indicate that energy demand will soon be covered by a widespread deployment of renewable energy sources. However, the weather and climate driven energy sources are characterized by a significant spatial and temporal variability. One of the commonly mentioned solutions to overcome the mismatch between demand and supply provided by renewable generation is a hybridization of two or more energy sources into a single power station (like wind-solar, solar-hydro or solar-wind-hydro). The operation of hybrid energy sources is based on the complementary nature of renewable sources. Considering the growing importance of such systems and increasing number of research activities in this area this paper presents a comprehensive review of studies which investigated, analyzed, quantified and utilized the effect of temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal complementarity between renewable energy sources. The review starts with a brief overview of available research papers, formulates detailed definition of major concepts, summarizes current research directions and ends with prospective future research activities. The review provides a chronological and spatial information with regard to the studies on the complementarity concept.
The penetration of distributed renewable energy sources in the distribution grid is increasing considerably in the last years. This is one of the main causes that contributed to the growth of ...technical problems in both transmission and distribution systems. An effective solution to improve system security is to exploit the flexibility that can be provided by distributed energy resources (DER), which are mostly located at the distribution grids. Their location combined with the lack of power flow coordination at the system operators interface creates difficulties in taking advantage of these flexible resources. This paper presents a methodology based on the solution of a set of optimization problems that estimate the flexibility ranges at the distribution and transmission system operators (TSO-DSO) boundary nodes. The estimation is performed while considering the grid technical constraints and a maximum cost that the user is willing to pay. The novelty behind this approach comes from the development of flexibility cost maps, which allow the visualization of the impact of DER flexibility on the operating point at the TSO-DSO interface. The results are compared with a sampling method and suggest that a higher accuracy in the TSO-DSO information exchange process can be achieved through this approach.
The EU emissions trading system's (ETS) invalidation rule implies that shocks and overlapping policies can change cumulative carbon emissions. This paper explains these mechanisms and simulates the ...effect of COVID-19, the European Green Deal, and the recovery stimulus package on cumulative EU ETS emissions and allowance prices. Our results indicate that the negative demand shock of the pandemic should have a limited effect on allowance prices and rather translates into lower cumulative carbon emissions. Aligning EU ETS with the 2030 reduction target of -55% might increase allowance prices to 45-94 €/ton CO
today and reduce cumulative carbon emissions to 14.2-18.3 GtCO
compared to 23.5-33.1 GtCO
under a -40% 2030 reduction target. Our results crucially depend on when the waterbed will be sealed again, which is an endogenous market outcome, driven by the EU ETS design, shocks and overlapping climate policies such as the recovery plan.
In this paper, the benefits of distributed energy resources are considered in an energy management scheme for a smart community consisting of a large number of residential units (RUs) and a shared ...facility controller (SFC). A noncooperative Stackelberg game between the RUs and the SFC is proposed in order to explore how both entities can benefit, in terms of achieved utility and minimizing total cost respectively, from their energy trading with each other and the grid. From the properties of the game, it is shown that the maximum benefit to the SFC, in terms of reduction in total cost, is obtained at the unique and strategy-proof Stackelberg equilibrium (SE). It is further shown that the SE is guaranteed to be reached by the SFC and RUs by executing the proposed algorithm in a distributed fashion, where participating RUs comply with their best strategies in response to the action chosen by the SFC. In addition, a charging-discharging scheme is introduced for the SFC's storage device that can further lower the SFC's total cost if the proposed game is implemented. Numerical experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
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