Due to the sheer global energy crisis, concerns about fuel exhaustion, electricity shortages, and global warming are becoming increasingly severe. Solar and wind energy, which are clean and ...renewable, provide solutions to these problems through distributed generators. Microgrids, as an essential interface to connect the power produced by renewable energy resources-based distributed generators to the power system, have become a research hotspot. Modern research in the field of microgrids has focused on the integration of microgrid technology at the load level. Due to the complexity of protection and control of multiple interconnected distributed generators, the traditional power grids are now outmoded. Microgrids are feasible alternatives to the conventional grid since they provide an integrating platform for micro-resources-based distributed generators, storage equipment, loads, and voltage source converters at the user end, all within a compact footprint. A microgrid can be architected to function either in grid-connected or standalone mode, depending upon the generation, integration potential to the main grid, and consumers' requirements. The amalgamation of distributed energy resources-based microgrids to the conventional power system is giving rise to a new power framework. Nevertheless, the grids' control, protection, operational stability, and reliability are major concerns. There has yet to be an effective real-time implementation and commercialization of micro-grids. This review article summarizes various concerns associated with microgrids' technical and economic aspects and challenges, power flow controllers, microgrids' role in smart grid development, main flaws, and future perspectives.
A survey of distributed optimization Yang, Tao; Yi, Xinlei; Wu, Junfeng ...
Annual reviews in control,
01/2019, Letnik:
47, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In distributed optimization of multi-agent systems, agents cooperate to minimize a global function which is a sum of local objective functions. Motivated by applications including power systems, ...sensor networks, smart buildings, and smart manufacturing, various distributed optimization algorithms have been developed. In these algorithms, each agent performs local computation based on its own information and information received from its neighboring agents through the underlying communication network, so that the optimization problem can be solved in a distributed manner. This survey paper aims to offer a detailed overview of existing distributed optimization algorithms and their applications in power systems. More specifically, we first review discrete-time and continuous-time distributed optimization algorithms for undirected graphs. We then discuss how to extend these algorithms in various directions to handle more realistic scenarios. Finally, we focus on the application of distributed optimization in the optimal coordination of distributed energy resources.
In last few years, many countries in the world have shown huge interest in smart grid technology. They are facing many challenges in the process of deployment of this technology at ground level. ...Hence a planned research is required to meet those challenges within time. This paper provides a detailed description of progress in the field of demand side management, demand response programs, distributed generation, technical issues in the way of their progress and key advantages, which will be received after the final deployment of these programs. Renewable energy resources are also becoming a main part of distributed generation, which provides a solution for environmental problems caused by conventional power plants. Few countries are working on the deployment of the advanced metering system. Along with this, the scope of research in various programs of smart grid technology has been explored.
Supercharge Me Eric Lonergan, Corinne Sawers
2022, 2022-02-10
eBook
Almost everyone agrees on the need to transition the global economy to net zero. But how do we do it? And how do we do it faster? If you feel demoralized, depressed or confused about the climate ...crisis this book will provide answers – and ones that don't involve punishing lifestyle changes, the end of capitalism, or a much higher tax bill. Supercharge Me is grounded in relentless realism about how governments, businesses and individuals actually behave. It draws lessons from what has worked so far: extreme positive incentives and smart regulations. Through a series of fast-paced dialogues, the authors introduce practical ideas for change that will embolden activists, reinvigorate the disheartened, and reframe the climate crisis as an opportunity.
Stochastic energy management of smart microgrids (MGs) is an important subject due to the high integration of intermittent resources, including wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) units. The ...complexity of the multi MGs management algorithm increases, considering their participation in an electricity market. In this paper, we proposed a stochastic energy management algorithm to address the participation of smart MGs in the electricity market, which minimizes the total cost and finds the optimal size of different components, including WT, PV unit, fuel cell, Electrolyzer, battery, and microturbine. The intermittencies in the PV output power, WT output power, and electric vehicle (EV) are modeled and integrated into the management algorithm using the Copula method. The market clearing price (MCP) is found using a game theory (GT) model and Cournot equilibrium. To verify the efficiency of the proposed method, it is tested on a sample three-MG, where the optimal size of various components is obtained. The obtained results verify that the total cost of MG decreases and the better performance can be obtained after participation in the electricity market. A sensitivity analysis is also done to evaluate the effects of various parameter changes (e.g., capital cost, replacement cost, and operation and maintenance cost) in various scenarios, where the obtained results verify that the cost reduction is obtained over different scenarios.
•A stochastic management algorithm for multi MGs is proposed to minimize total cost.•The interactions between MGs, upstream networks, and the electricity market are modeled.•Market clearing price (MCP) is modeled due to renewable resources intermittencies.•The optimal size of renewable resources in MGs are determined before and after participation in the electricity market.•The method’s robustness is validated through sensitivity analysis.
Smart grid (SG), an evolving concept in the modern power infrastructure, enables the two-way flow of electricity and data between the peers within the electricity system networks (ESN) and its ...clusters. The self-healing capabilities of SG allow the peers to become active partakers in ESN. In general, the SG is intended to replace the fossil fuel-rich conventional grid with the distributed energy resources (DER) and pools numerous existing and emerging know-hows like information and digital communications technologies together to manage countless operations. With this, the SG will able to “detect, react, and pro-act” to changes in usage and address multiple issues, thereby ensuring timely grid operations. However, the “detect, react, and pro-act” features in DER-based SG can only be accomplished at the fullest level with the use of technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and the Blockchain (BC). The techniques associated with AI include fuzzy logic, knowledge-based systems, and neural networks. They have brought advances in controlling DER-based SG. The IoT and BC have also enabled various services like data sensing, data storage, secured, transparent, and traceable digital transactions among ESN peers and its clusters. These promising technologies have gone through fast technological evolution in the past decade, and their applications have increased rapidly in ESN. Hence, this study discusses the SG and applications of AI, IoT, and BC. First, a comprehensive survey of the DER, power electronics components and their control, electric vehicles (EVs) as load components, and communication and cybersecurity issues are carried out. Second, the role played by AI-based analytics, IoT components along with energy internet architecture, and the BC assistance in improving SG services are thoroughly discussed. This study revealed that AI, IoT, and BC provide automated services to peers by monitoring real-time information about the ESN, thereby enhancing reliability, availability, resilience, stability, security, and sustainability.
This paper presents a new framework for the scheduling of microgrids and distribution feeder reconfiguration (DFR), taking into consideration the uncertainties due to the load demand, market price, ...and renewable power generation. The model is implemented on the modified IEEE 118-bus test system, including microgrids and smart homes. The problem has been formulated as a two-stage model, which at the first stage, the day-ahead self-scheduling of each microgrid is carried out as a two-objective optimization problem. The two objectives include the minimization of the total operating cost and maximization of the consumer's comfort index. Then, the solution, obtained from the first stage is delivered to the distribution system operator (DSO). Then, at the second stage, the DSO determines the optimal configuration of the system with the aim of minimizing operating costs of the main grid and the penalty of deviating from microgrid scheduling. Note that the penalty is due to the difference in power exchange requested by the microgrids from the power exchange finalized by the DSO. The presented two-stage optimization problem is modeled in a mixed-integer linear programing (MILP) framework with four case studies, and solved in GAMS by using the GURUBI solver. The simulation results show that in the cases the DSO is able to reconfigure the system, the deviation from the optimal scheduling of microgrids would be considerably lower than the cases with fixed system configuration.
•Proposing a two-stage optimization framework for scheduling of microgrids and DFR.•Considering smart homes and traditional loads in the model.•Two-objective modeling of microgrids' scheduling problem by the fuzzy method.•Solving the DFR problem with regard to the optimal scheduling of microgrids.•Investigating the impact of different objective functions on smart homes' scheduling.
Microgrid Protection Hooshyar, Ali; Iravani, Reza
Proceedings of the IEEE,
07/2017, Letnik:
105, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The proliferation of distributed energy resources is setting the stage for modern distribution systems to operate as microgrids, which can avoid power disruptions and serve as resources for fast ...recovery during macrogrid disturbances. Microgrids are, therefore, major assets to improve the grid resilience. However, the offered resilience is seriously undermined if microgrids are not properly protected in the event of faults within their own boundaries. Distribution protective devices cannot reliably protect microgrids due to the variable and often limited short-circuit capacities of microgrids. Moreover, the research on microgrid protection has not led to a commercially available microgrid relay to date and has little prospect of reaching that level in the near future. As a result, the existing options for reliable microgrid protection remain effectively the subtransmission and transmission system protective devices, e.g., directional overcurrent, distance, and differential relays. Although years of operation in macrogrids support these relays, their performance for microgrids is yet to be analyzed. This paper presents such analysis for different relay types by considering various fault and generation conditions in a microgrid. Time-domain simulations are used to identify the scenarios where the relays function correctly as well as the problematic conditions, on which future research should focus. This paper also presents a short review on direct current (dc) microgrids and their protection requirements.
To accomplish feasible large-scale integration of distributed energy resources (DER) into the existing grid system, microgrid implementation has proven to be the most effective. This article reviews ...the vital aspects of DER based microgrid and presents simulations to investigate the impacts of DER sources, electric vehicles (EV), and energy storage system (ESS) on practicable architectures' resilient operation. The focus is primarily on the concept and definition of microgrid, comparison of control strategies (primary, secondary, and tertiary strategies), energy management strategies, power quality (PQ) issues associated with DER based microgrid, and state-of-the-art entities such as ESS and EV's applications toward microgrid reliability. Following discussion on the different attributes of DER sources-based microgrid, simulations are performed to verify the results of the past works on the effects of solar, wind energy sources, ESS, and EVs on the microgrid frequency response. Additional simulations are conducted to assess the influences of DERs, ESS, EVs, and their operational strategies on the microgrid reliability aspects.
In order to decarbonize the energy system, it is necessary to change all aspects of the production, transport and consumption of electricity chain. The European Union (EU) aims to become the first ...climate-neutral continent by 2050. To deliver on this ambition, decarbonising the energy sector is crucial because the production and use of energy accounts for more than 75 % of the EU's greenhouse gas emissions (EEA, 2021).
The connection of renewable sources near the places of consumption can lead to flexibility in changing the operating diagram, the operator having the possibility to keep certain distribution cables disconnected, which diminishes the reactive power circulating through the distribution network. The article analyzed two types of distribution areas that show that in the area where consumption is high, it is easier to implement measures to transform the area into positive energy. The concept The concept of Ecs (“energy communities”) provides a great boost for overcoming resistance to infrastructure development, increasing acceptance and penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs), encouraging private investments, and establishing public-private partnerships.
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